Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Mol Ecol. 2012 Feb;21(3):472-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05232.x. Epub 2011 Aug 29.
In most social mammals, some females disperse from their natal group while others remain and breed there throughout their lives but, in a few, females typically disperse after adolescence and few individuals remain and breed in their natal group. These contrasts in philopatry and dispersal have an important consequence on the kinship structure of groups which, in turn, affects forms of social relationships between females. As yet, there is still widespread disagreement over the reasons for the evolution of habitual female dispersal, partly as a result of contrasting definitions of dispersal. This paper reviews variation in the frequency with which females leave their natal group or range (social dispersal) and argues that both the avoidance of local competition for resources and breeding opportunities and the need to find unrelated partners play an important role in contrasts between and within species.
在大多数社会性哺乳动物中，一些雌性个体离开出生地群体，而另一些则终生留在那里繁殖，但在少数物种中，雌性个体通常在青春期后离开，只有少数个体留在出生地群体中繁殖。这种在亲代定居和扩散方面的差异对群体的亲缘结构有重要影响，进而影响雌性个体之间的社会关系形式。然而，对于习惯性雌性扩散的进化原因，仍然存在广泛的分歧，部分原因是对扩散的定义存在差异。本文综述了雌性离开出生地群体或范围（社会扩散）的频率变化，并认为避免对资源和繁殖机会的局部竞争以及寻找无关个体的需求，在物种之间和内部的差异中都起着重要作用。
