Department of Science, Technology, and Policy Studies, School of Management and Governance, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
Sci Eng Ethics. 2011 Dec;17(4):699-714. doi: 10.1007/s11948-011-9304-0. Epub 2011 Sep 6.
Engagement with stakeholders and civil society is increasingly important for new scientific and technological developments. Preparation of such engagements sets the stage for engagement activities and thus contributes to their outcomes. Preparation is a demanding task, particularly if the facilitating agent aims for timely engagement related to emerging technologies. Requirements for such preparation include understanding of the emerging science & technology and its dynamics. Multi-level analysis and socio-technical scenarios are two complementary tools for constructing productive engagement. Examination of the emergence of nanotechnologies in the food packaging sector demonstrates how these tools work. In light of recent policy demands for responsible innovation, but also more generally, the role of organizers of engagement activities is one that deserves reflection insofar as it can extend beyond that of preparation and facilitation.
利益相关者和公民社会的参与对于新的科学和技术发展变得越来越重要。这种参与的准备为参与活动奠定了基础，从而为其结果做出了贡献。准备工作是一项艰巨的任务，特别是如果促进者旨在及时参与新兴技术的话。这种准备的要求包括对新兴科学技术及其动态的理解。多层次分析和社会技术情景是构建富有成效的参与的两种互补工具。食品包装行业中纳米技术的出现表明了这些工具是如何发挥作用的。鉴于最近对负责任创新的政策需求，以及更广泛地说，参与活动组织者的角色值得反思，因为它可以超越准备和促进的范畴。
