Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Nov 1;45(21):9268-75. doi: 10.1021/es202111n. Epub 2011 Sep 30.
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorobiphenyls (PCB), endosulfans, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were analyzed in snowpack samples collected along an altitudinal gradient (1683-2634 meters above sea level) in the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia). All analyzed compounds were found at all altitudes, pointing to their global distribution. The presence of PBDEs, particularly BDE 209, in the snowpack samples is especially relevant, as it reflects the air transport capacity of this low volatile, very hydrophobic pollutant to remote mountain regions. The most abundant compounds at all altitudes were PAHs, with mean values ranging from 90 to 300 ngL(-1), 1 order of magnitude higher than concentrations of other compounds. PCBs (sum of PCB 28, 52, 101, 118, 153, 138, and 180) and BDE 209 were the dominant organohalogen pollutants, with concentrations from 550 to 1600 pg L(-1) and from 670 to 2000 pgL(-1), respectively. Low brominated PBDEs, endosulfans, HCHs and HCB were consistently found in all samples at lower concentrations. The concentrations of these compounds correlated positively with altitude (i.e., negatively with temperature), which is consistent with cold-trapping effects. The regression coefficients were positive and statistically significant (p < 0.05) for all compounds except BDE 209, endosulfan sulfate, HCB and α-HCH. Contrariwise, the concentrations of BDE 209 and endosulfan sulfate exhibited a statistically significant positive correlation with total particle amount, which agrees with long-range atmospheric transport associated to aerosols according to the physical-chemical properties of these compounds. Snow specific surface area, which determines the maximum amount of each organic compound that can be sorbed by snow, proved utile for describing the distribution of the more volatile compounds, namely α-HCB and HCB, in the snowpack.
持久性有机污染物（POPs），包括多氯联苯（PCB）、硫丹、六氯环己烷（HCHs）、六氯苯（HCB）、多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）和多环芳烃（PAHs），在斯洛伐克高塔特拉山脉（High Tatra Mountains）沿海拔梯度（海拔 1683-2634 米）采集的雪样中进行了分析。所有分析的化合物都在所有海拔高度存在，这表明它们在全球范围内的分布情况。雪样中存在 PBDEs，尤其是 BDE 209，特别值得关注，因为这反映了这种低挥发性、非常疏水性污染物向偏远山区的空气传输能力。所有海拔高度上最丰富的化合物是 PAHs，其平均值范围在 90 至 300ng/L（-1）之间，比其他化合物的浓度高 1 个数量级。PCBs（PCB 28、52、101、118、138、153 和 180 的总和）和 BDE 209 是主要的有机卤代污染物，浓度分别为 550 至 1600pg/L（-1）和 670 至 2000pg/L（-1）。低溴化 PBDEs、硫丹、HCHs 和 HCB 在所有样品中都以较低的浓度持续存在。这些化合物的浓度与海拔呈正相关（即与温度呈负相关），这与低温捕获效应一致。除 BDE 209、硫丹硫酸盐、HCB 和α-HCH 外，所有化合物的回归系数均为正且具有统计学意义（p<0.05）。相反，BDE 209 和硫丹硫酸盐的浓度与总颗粒物量呈显著正相关，这与根据这些化合物的物理化学性质与气溶胶相关的长距离大气传输一致。雪的比表面积决定了每个有机化合物在雪中可被吸附的最大量，它对描述更挥发性化合物（即α-HCB 和 HCB）在雪中的分布非常有用。
