Arellano Lourdes, Grimalt Joan O, Fernández Pilar, Lopez Jordi F, Nickus Ulrike, Thies Hansjoerg
Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2014 Nov;21(22):12638-50. doi: 10.1007/s11356-014-3196-x. Epub 2014 Jun 25.
The snow capacity for storage of a large number of pollutants such as polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE), including BDE-209, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs; α- and γ-isomers), endosulfans (α- and β-isomers and the sulphate residue) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), in a steep altitudinal gradient (1,101-2,500 m above sea level (asl); maximum planar distance 16 km) in a typical European mountain system, the Tyrolean Alps (Austria), was studied here for the first time. Snow samples representing the whole snowpack accumulated at the end of the cold season were collected in all cases. The snow specific surface area (SSA) of these samples, 140-260 cm(2) g(-1), was characteristic of aged snow with low retention capacity. PAHs were the pollutant group in highest concentrations (500-8,400 pg L(-1)). PCBs and PBDEs were found in concentrations of 460-900 and 8.5-290 pg L(-1), respectively. From the fourteen investigated BDE congeners, only BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100 and BDE-209 were found above the detection limit, which is consistent with the results found in the only previous study in the Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) which also involved a steep gradient (1,683-2,634 m asl; maximum planar distance 5 km; Arellano et al. 2011) and confirm the capacity of these low-volatile compounds for long-range transport from distant sources. HCB was found in a concentration range of 34-55 pg L(-1). Snow deposition fluxes of PCB-118, PCB-153, γ-HCH, α-endosulfan and BDE-47 showed statistically significant correlations with altitude, involving higher values at higher elevation. This trend may reflect cold trapping effects in view of the snow particle contents and SSA values. However, these gradients were only significant for this limited number of compounds within each pollutant group which may be explained by differences in physical-chemical properties of the compounds and the limited capacity of the aged snow for organic pollutant retention. In some other cases, for example benzo[a]pyrene, the observed vertical gradients may reflect higher preservations at lower temperatures.
首次在此研究了典型欧洲山脉系统——蒂罗尔阿尔卑斯山（奥地利）中，在陡峭海拔梯度（海拔1101 - 2500米；最大平面距离16千米）下，雪对大量污染物的储存能力，这些污染物包括多溴二苯醚（PBDE），如BDE - 209、多环芳烃（PAH）、多氯联苯（PCB）、六氯环己烷（HCH；α - 和γ - 异构体）、硫丹（α - 和β - 异构体以及硫酸盐残留物）和六氯苯（HCB）。在所有情况下，均采集了代表寒冷季节末积累的整个积雪层的雪样。这些样品的雪比表面积（SSA）为140 - 260平方厘米/克，是具有低保留能力的老化雪的特征。PAH是浓度最高的污染物组（500 - 8400皮克/升）。PCB和PBDE的浓度分别为460 - 900皮克/升和8.5 - 290皮克/升。在所研究的14种BDE同系物中，只有BDE - 47、BDE - 99、BDE - 100和BDE - 209的浓度高于检测限，这与之前在塔特拉山脉（斯洛伐克）唯一一项研究的结果一致，该研究也涉及陡峭梯度（海拔1683 - 2634米；最大平面距离5千米；阿雷利亚诺等人，2011年），并证实了这些低挥发性化合物从遥远源地进行长距离传输的能力。HCB的浓度范围为34 - 55皮克/升。PCB - 118、PCB - 153、γ - HCH、α - 硫丹和BDE - 47的雪沉积通量与海拔高度呈现出显著的统计相关性，海拔越高值越高。鉴于雪颗粒含量和SSA值，这种趋势可能反映了冷阱效应。然而，这些梯度仅对每个污染物组中这有限数量的化合物具有显著性，这可能是由于化合物物理化学性质的差异以及老化雪对有机污染物的保留能力有限所致。在其他一些情况下，例如苯并[a]芘，观察到的垂直梯度可能反映了较低温度下更高的保存率。
