Radiological interventions in HVOTO--practical tips.

Hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction (HVOTO) comprises of constellation of disorders causing obstruction of hepatic venous outflow or suprahepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) or both and leading to increased hepatic sinusoidal pressure and portal hypertension. Clinical presentation in HVOTO includes both acute onset or chronic insidious onset of the disease and predominant clinical manifestations consist of ascites, hepatomegaly, and portal hypertension. IVC/hepatic vein (HV) web or thrombosed hepatic veins replaced by fibrotic constriction or thrombus in suprahepatic IVC is encountered as the pathogenic process at such obstructions. Due to advances in radiologic techniques there has been a changes in the management protocol of HVOTO with surgery or liver transplantation reserved for patients not suitable for radiological interventions or requiring liver transplantation. The present article reviews the techniques of various radiological interventions in HVOTO and their efficacy.