National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2012;52:321-36. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134625. Epub 2011 Sep 27.
A major challenge in understanding substance-use disorders lies in uncovering why some individuals become addicted when exposed to drugs, whereas others do not. Although genetic, developmental, and environmental factors are recognized as major contributors to a person's risk of becoming addicted, the neurobiological processes that underlie this vulnerability are still poorly understood. Imaging studies suggest that individual variations in key dopamine-modulated brain circuits, including circuits involved in reward, memory, executive function, and motivation, contribute to some of the differences in addiction vulnerability. A better understanding of the main circuits affected by chronic drug use and the influence of social stressors, developmental trajectories, and genetic background on these circuits is bound to lead to a better understanding of addiction and to more effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of substance-use disorders.
理解物质使用障碍的一个主要挑战在于揭示为什么有些人在接触毒品时会上瘾，而有些人则不会。尽管遗传、发育和环境因素被认为是导致个体成瘾风险的主要因素，但导致这种脆弱性的神经生物学过程仍知之甚少。影像学研究表明，关键多巴胺调节脑回路的个体差异，包括与奖励、记忆、执行功能和动机相关的回路，导致了成瘾脆弱性的一些差异。更好地了解受慢性药物使用影响的主要回路，以及社会压力源、发育轨迹和遗传背景对这些回路的影响，必将有助于更好地理解成瘾，并为预防和治疗物质使用障碍制定更有效的策略。
