Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, VA 23173, USA.
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2012 Feb;38(1):14-7. doi: 10.1037/a0025610. Epub 2011 Oct 3.
There is growing evidence that individuation experience is necessary for development of expert object discrimination that transfers to new exemplars. Individuation training in human studies has primarily used label association tasks where labels are learned at both the individual and more abstract (basic) level, and expertise criterion requires that individual-level judgments become as fast as basic-level judgments. However, there are training situations when the use of labels is not practical (e.g., with animals or some clinical populations). Moreover, labeling itself can facilitate object discrimination, thus it is unclear what role labels play in the acquisition of expertise in such training paradigms. Here, participants completed an online game that did not require labels in which they interacted with novel objects (Greebles) or control objects (Yufos). Games either required individuation or categorization. We then assessed the impact of this exposure on an abridged Greeble training paradigm. As expected, participants who played Yufo games or Greeble categorization games showed a significant basic-level advantage for Greebles in the abridged training paradigm, typical of novices. However, participants who played the Greeble identity game showed a reduced basic-level advantage, suggesting that individuation without labels may be sufficient to acquire perceptual expertise.
越来越多的证据表明，个体经验对于发展能够转移到新范例的专家对象辨别能力是必要的。在人类研究中，个体化训练主要使用标签关联任务，其中标签在个体和更抽象（基本）的水平上被学习，并且专业标准要求个体水平的判断变得与基本水平的判断一样快。然而，在某些训练情况下，使用标签并不实际（例如，在动物或某些临床人群中）。此外，标签本身可以促进对象辨别，因此尚不清楚标签在这些训练范例中获得专业知识方面扮演什么角色。在这里，参与者完成了一个在线游戏，该游戏不需要标签，他们在其中与新颖的对象（Greebles）或控制对象（Yufos）进行交互。游戏要么需要个体化，要么需要分类。然后，我们评估了这种接触对简化的 Greeble 训练范例的影响。正如预期的那样，玩 Yufo 游戏或 Greeble 分类游戏的参与者在简化的训练范例中对 Greebles 表现出显著的基本水平优势，这是新手的典型表现。然而，玩 Greeble 身份游戏的参与者表现出基本水平优势的降低，这表明没有标签的个体化可能足以获得感知专业知识。
