Schwan D, Ade P A R, Basu K, Bender A N, Bertoldi F, Cho H-M, Chon G, Clarke John, Dobbs M, Ferrusca D, Güsten R, Halverson N W, Holzapfel W L, Horellou C, Johansson D, Johnson B R, Kennedy J, Kermish Z, Kneissl R, Lanting T, Lee A T, Lueker M, Mehl J, Menten K M, Muders D, Pacaud F, Plagge T, Reichardt C L, Richards P L, Schaaf R, Schilke P, Sommer M W, Spieler H, Tucker C, Weiss A, Westbrook B, Zahn O
Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2011 Sep;82(9):091301. doi: 10.1063/1.3637460.
The Atacama pathfinder experiment Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (APEX-SZ) instrument is a millimeter-wave cryogenic receiver designed to observe galaxy clusters via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect from the 12 m APEX telescope on the Atacama plateau in Chile. The receiver contains a focal plane of 280 superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers instrumented with a frequency-domain multiplexed readout system. The bolometers are cooled to 280 mK via a three-stage helium sorption refrigerator and a mechanical pulse-tube cooler. Three warm mirrors, two 4 K lenses, and a horn array couple the TES bolometers to the telescope. APEX-SZ observes in a single frequency band at 150 GHz with 1' angular resolution and a 22' field-of-view, all well suited for cluster mapping. The APEX-SZ receiver has played a key role in the introduction of several new technologies including TES bolometers, the frequency-domain multiplexed readout, and the use of a pulse-tube cooler with bolometers. As a result of these new technologies, the instrument has a higher instantaneous sensitivity and covers a larger field-of-view than earlier generations of Sunyaev-Zel'dovich instruments. The TES bolometers have a median sensitivity of 890 μK(CMB)√s (NEy of 3.5 × 10(-4) √s). We have also demonstrated upgraded detectors with improved sensitivity of 530 μK(CMB)√s (NEy of 2.2 × 10(-4) √s). Since its commissioning in April 2007, APEX-SZ has been used to map 48 clusters. We describe the design of the receiver and its performance when installed on the APEX telescope.
阿塔卡马探路者实验的苏尼亚耶夫-泽尔多维奇效应（APEX-SZ）仪器是一种毫米波低温接收器，旨在通过位于智利阿塔卡马高原的12米阿塔卡马探路者实验望远镜，利用苏尼亚耶夫-泽尔多维奇效应来观测星系团。该接收器包含一个由280个超导转变边缘传感器（TES）测辐射热计组成的焦平面，并配备了频域复用读出系统。这些测辐射热计通过三级氦吸附制冷机和机械脉冲管制冷机冷却至280毫开尔文。三个热镜、两个4开尔文透镜和一个喇叭阵列将TES测辐射热计与望远镜耦合。APEX-SZ在150吉赫兹的单一频段进行观测，角分辨率为1角分，视场为22角分，所有这些都非常适合星系团测绘。APEX-SZ接收器在引入包括TES测辐射热计、频域复用读出以及将脉冲管制冷机与测辐射热计结合使用等多项新技术方面发挥了关键作用。由于采用了这些新技术，该仪器具有比早期几代苏尼亚耶夫-泽尔多维奇仪器更高的瞬时灵敏度和更大的视场。TES测辐射热计的中值灵敏度为890 μK（宇宙微波背景）√秒（噪声等效温差为3.5×10⁻⁴ √秒）。我们还展示了灵敏度提升至530 μK（宇宙微波背景）√秒（噪声等效温差为2.2×10⁻⁴ √秒）的升级版探测器。自2007年4月调试以来，APEX-SZ已用于测绘48个星系团。我们描述了该接收器的设计及其安装在阿塔卡马探路者实验望远镜上时的性能。
