Cormier A, Jourda B, Laros C, Walburg V, Callahan S
Unité de recherche interdisciplinaire Octogone E.A. 4156, centre d'études et de recherche en psychopathologie (CERPP), université de Toulouse II-Le-Mirail, 5, allées Antonio-Machado, 31058 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
Encephale. 2011 Sep;37(4):293-8. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2011.01.001. Epub 2011 Mar 26.
Early maladaptive schemas developed during childhood are relatively stable. Once activated, these early maladaptive schemas could influence reality perceptions and create cognitive distortions. Previous studies showed that early maladaptive schemas are linked to depression: early maladaptive schemas could be a risk factor for depression (Young, 2001) and a vulnerability marker for depression (Dozoïs, 2007).
The main objective of the present study was to explore the influence of early maladaptive schemas on depression severity among a French adult population.
One hundred and sixty-two participants (mean age 29 years; SD=13.86) were enrolled, 66 men (mean age 29 years; SD=13.65) and 106 women (mean age 30; SD=14.07). Participants were invited to complete the Young Schema Questionnaire, short version (YSQ-S1-Young 1994) and the Beck depression Inventory, 2nd version (BDI-II-Beck 1994). Fifty-six participants were randomly selected to complete a paper version of the scales, and 95 participants completed an online electronic version.
Fifty-two percent of the participants were not depressed, 15% slightly depressed, 17% moderately depressed and 16% met criteria of severe depression. All 15 schemas scores were positively correlated to depression scores. Comparing schema scores and depression severity it can be noted that for severely depressed participants all schema scores were significantly higher, and six of 15 schemas were significantly higher in the case of moderate depression. In addition, three schemas (imperfection, vulnerability, fusional relation) are significantly and positively linked to depression scores, whereas one schema (everything is owed to me) appears to be a significantly negative predictor of associated depression.
This study confirms results of previous research concerning the link between early maladaptive schemas and depression. What is more, the results show that the importance of these schemas increases with depression severity. The most important variation was found on schemas concerning interpersonal relationships like "abandonment" or "social insulation and social exclusion" as well as schemas related to personal competence as for example "failure" or "dependence and incompetence". Further research will be necessary to explore the role of depression as an activator or/and by reinforcing early maladaptive schemas.
童年时期形成的早期适应不良图式相对稳定。一旦被激活，这些早期适应不良图式可能会影响现实认知并造成认知扭曲。先前的研究表明，早期适应不良图式与抑郁症有关：早期适应不良图式可能是抑郁症的一个风险因素（杨，2001年），也是抑郁症的一个易感性标志物（多佐伊斯，2007年）。
本研究的主要目的是探讨早期适应不良图式对法国成年人群体中抑郁症严重程度的影响。
招募了162名参与者（平均年龄29岁；标准差=13.86），其中66名男性（平均年龄29岁；标准差=13.65）和106名女性（平均年龄30岁；标准差=14.07）。邀请参与者完成简化版的杨氏图式问卷（YSQ-S1 - 杨，1994年）和第二版贝克抑郁量表（BDI-II - 贝克，1994年）。56名参与者被随机选择完成纸质版量表，95名参与者完成在线电子版量表。
52%的参与者没有抑郁，15%轻度抑郁，17%中度抑郁，16%符合重度抑郁症标准。所有15种图式得分均与抑郁得分呈正相关。比较图式得分和抑郁严重程度可以发现，对于重度抑郁的参与者，所有图式得分均显著更高，在中度抑郁的情况下，15种图式中有6种显著更高。此外，三种图式（缺陷、易感性、融合关系）与抑郁得分显著正相关，而一种图式（一切都应归功于我）似乎是相关抑郁症的显著负向预测因子。
本研究证实了先前关于早期适应不良图式与抑郁症之间联系的研究结果。此外，结果表明这些图式的重要性随着抑郁严重程度的增加而增加。在与人际关系相关的图式上发现了最重要的变化，如“被抛弃”或“社会孤立与社会排斥”，以及与个人能力相关的图式，例如“失败”或“依赖与无能力”。有必要进行进一步的研究，以探讨抑郁症作为激活因素或/和通过强化早期适应不良图式所起的作用。
