Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
Neuron. 2011 Oct 6;72(1):166-77. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.08.011.
Reinforcements and punishments facilitate adaptive behavior in diverse domains ranging from perception to social interactions. A conventional approach to understanding the corresponding neural substrates focuses on the basal ganglia and its dopaminergic projections. Here, we show that reinforcement and punishment signals are surprisingly ubiquitous in the gray matter of nearly every subdivision of the human brain. Humans played either matching-pennies or rock-paper-scissors games against computerized opponents while being scanned using fMRI. Multivoxel pattern analysis was used to decode previous choices and their outcomes, and to predict upcoming choices. Whereas choices were decodable from a confined set of brain structures, their outcomes were decodable from nearly all cortical and subcortical structures. In addition, signals related to both reinforcements and punishments were recovered reliably in many areas and displayed patterns not consistent with salience-based explanations. Thus, reinforcement and punishment might play global modulatory roles in the entire brain.
强化和惩罚促进了从感知到社会互动等不同领域的适应性行为。理解相应神经基础的一种传统方法关注基底神经节及其多巴胺能投射。在这里，我们表明，强化和惩罚信号在人类大脑的几乎每个细分领域的灰质中都非常普遍。人类与计算机对手进行匹配硬币或石头剪刀布游戏，同时使用 fMRI 进行扫描。多元模式分析用于解码先前的选择及其结果，并预测即将到来的选择。虽然可以从一组有限的大脑结构中解码选择，但可以从几乎所有皮质和皮质下结构中解码其结果。此外，在许多区域可靠地恢复了与强化和惩罚相关的信号，并显示出与基于显着性的解释不一致的模式。因此，强化和惩罚可能在整个大脑中发挥全局调节作用。
