Department of Soil Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran 18151/159, Iran.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Dec;92(5):875-85. doi: 10.1007/s00253-011-3521-y. Epub 2011 Oct 12.
With respect to the adverse effects of chemical fertilization on the environment and their related expenses, especially when overused, alternative methods of fertilization have been suggested and tested. For example, the combined use of chemical fertilization with organic fertilization and/or biological fertilization is among such methods. It has been indicated that the use of organic fertilization with chemical fertilization is a suitable method of providing crop plants with adequate amount of nutrients, while environmentally and economically appropriate. In this article, the importance of soil microbes to the ecosystem is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and endophytic bacteria in providing necessary nutrients for plant growth and yield production. Such microbes are beneficial to plant growth through colonizing plant roots and inducing mechanisms by which plant growth increases. Although there has been extensive research work regarding the use of microbes as a method of fertilizing plants, it is yet a question how the efficiency of such microbial fertilization to the plant can be determined and increased. In other words, how the right combination of chemical and biological fertilization can be determined. In this article, the most recent advances regarding the effects of microbial fertilization on plant growth and yield production in their combined use with chemical fertilization are reviewed. There are also some details related to the molecular mechanisms affecting the microbial performance and how the use of biological techniques may affect the efficiency of biological fertilization.
关于化学施肥对环境的不利影响及其相关费用，特别是过度使用时，已经提出并测试了替代施肥方法。例如，将化学施肥与有机施肥和/或生物施肥相结合就是其中的一种方法。已经表明，在为作物植物提供足够数量的养分的同时，使用有机施肥与化学施肥相结合是一种环境和经济上合适的方法。本文综述了土壤微生物对生态系统的重要性，特别强调了植物促生根际细菌、丛枝菌根真菌和内生细菌在为植物生长和产量生产提供必要养分方面的作用。这些微生物通过定殖植物根系和诱导植物生长增加的机制，对植物生长有益。尽管已经有大量关于微生物作为一种植物施肥方法的研究工作，但微生物施肥对植物的效率如何确定和提高，仍然是一个问题。换句话说，如何确定化学和生物施肥的正确组合。在本文中，综述了微生物施肥与化学施肥相结合对植物生长和产量生产的最新进展。还涉及到一些关于影响微生物性能的分子机制的细节，以及生物技术的使用如何影响生物施肥的效率。
