ProBiomechanics LLC, 265 Warrington Rd., Bloomfield Hills, MI 48304, USA.
Ann Biomed Eng. 2012 Jan;40(1):175-84. doi: 10.1007/s10439-011-0395-1. Epub 2011 Oct 13.
Linear impactor tests were conducted on football helmets from the 1970s-1980s to complement recently reported tests on 1990 s and 2010 s helmets. Helmets were placed on the Hybrid III head with an array of accelerometers to determine translational and rotational acceleration. Impacts were at four sites on the helmet shell at 3.6-11.2 m/s. The four generations of helmets show a continuous improvement in response from bare head impacts in terms of Head Injury Criterion (HIC), peak head acceleration and peak rotational acceleration. Helmets of 2010 s weigh 1.95 ± 0.2 kg and are 2.7 times heavier than 1970s designs. They are also 4.3 cm longer, 7.6 cm higher, and 4.9 cm wider. The extra size and weight allow the use of energy absorbing padding that lowers forces in helmet impacts. For frontal impacts at 7.4 m/s, the four best performing 2010 s helmets have HIC of 148 ± 23 compared to 179 ± 42 for the 1990 s baseline, 231 ± 27 for the 1980s, 253 ± 22 for the 1970s helmets, and 354 ± 3 for the bare head. The additional size and padding of the best 2010 s helmets provide superior attenuation of impact forces in normal play and in conditions associated with concussion than helmets of the 1970s-1990 s.
线性冲击器测试对 20 世纪 70 年代至 80 年代的橄榄球头盔进行了测试，以补充最近对 90 年代和 21 世纪 10 年代头盔的报告测试。头盔放在 Hybrid III 头部，带有一系列加速度计，以确定平移和旋转加速度。冲击在头盔外壳的四个位置进行，速度为 3.6-11.2 m/s。这四代头盔在头部损伤准则（HIC）、峰值头部加速度和峰值旋转加速度方面，都显示出了从裸头冲击中不断改进的响应。21 世纪 10 年代的头盔重 1.95 ± 0.2 千克，比 20 世纪 70 年代的设计重 2.7 倍。它们也长 4.3 厘米，高 7.6 厘米，宽 4.9 厘米。更大的尺寸和重量允许使用能量吸收衬垫，从而降低头盔冲击中的力。对于 7.4 m/s 的正面冲击，表现最好的四个 21 世纪 10 年代头盔的 HIC 值为 148 ± 23，而 90 年代基准头盔的 HIC 值为 179 ± 42，80 年代的 HIC 值为 231 ± 27，70 年代的 HIC 值为 253 ± 22，裸头的 HIC 值为 354 ± 3。最好的 21 世纪 10 年代头盔的额外尺寸和衬垫，在正常比赛和与脑震荡相关的条件下，提供了对冲击力量的卓越衰减作用，优于 20 世纪 70 年代至 90 年代的头盔。
