Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA 94535, USA.
Department of Ophthalmology, Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114 MA, USA.
Viruses. 2010 Jul;2(7):1367-1381. doi: 10.3390/v2071367. Epub 2010 Jun 28.
Over the past 30 years, genomic and bioinformatic analysis of human adenoviruses has been achieved using a variety of DNA sequencing methods; initially with the use of restriction enzymes and more currently with the use of the GS FLX pyrosequencing technology. Following the conception of DNA sequencing in the 1970s, analysis of adenoviruses has evolved from 100 base pair mRNA fragments to entire genomes. Comparative genomics of adenoviruses made its debut in 1984 when nucleotides and amino acids of coding sequences within the hexon genes of two human adenoviruses (HAdV), HAdV-C2 and HAdV-C5, were compared and analyzed. It was determined that there were three different zones (1-393, 394-1410, 1411-2910) within the hexon gene, of which HAdV-C2 and HAdV-C5 shared zones 1 and 3 with 95% and 89.5% nucleotide identity, respectively. In 1992, HAdV-C5 became the first adenovirus genome to be fully sequenced using the Sanger method. Over the next seven years, whole genome analysis and characterization was completed using bioinformatic tools such as blastn, tblastx, ClustalV and FASTA, in order to determine key proteins in species HAdV-A through HAdV-F. The bioinformatic revolution was initiated with the introduction of a novel species, HAdV-G, that was typed and named by the use of whole genome sequencing and phylogenetics as opposed to traditional serology. HAdV bioinformatics will continue to advance as the latest sequencing technology enables scientists to add to and expand the resource databases. As a result of these advancements, how novel HAdVs are typed has changed. Bioinformatic analysis has become the revolutionary tool that has significantly accelerated the in-depth study of HAdV microevolution through comparative genomics.
在过去的 30 年中，通过使用各种 DNA 测序方法，包括最初使用限制酶，以及目前使用 GS FLX 焦磷酸测序技术，对人类腺病毒的基因组和生物信息学分析已经取得了进展。自 20 世纪 70 年代 DNA 测序的概念出现以来，腺病毒的分析已经从 100 个碱基对的 mRNA 片段发展到整个基因组。1984 年，对两种人类腺病毒（HAdV）——HAdV-C2 和 HAdV-C5 的六邻体基因内的编码序列的核苷酸和氨基酸进行了比较和分析，腺病毒的比较基因组学首次问世。结果表明，六邻体基因内有三个不同的区（1-393、394-1410、1411-2910），其中 HAdV-C2 和 HAdV-C5 分别与 95%和 89.5%的核苷酸同一性共享区 1 和 3。1992 年，HAdV-C5 成为第一个使用 Sanger 法完成全基因组测序的腺病毒。在接下来的七年中，使用生物信息学工具，如 blastn、 tblastx、ClustalV 和 FASTA，完成了全基因组分析和特征描述，以确定物种 HAdV-A 至 HAdV-F 中的关键蛋白。随着新型腺病毒 HAdV-G 的引入，生物信息学革命开始了，它通过全基因组测序和系统发生学而不是传统的血清学来进行分型和命名。腺病毒生物信息学将随着最新测序技术的发展而不断推进，这些技术使科学家能够添加和扩展资源数据库。由于这些进展，新型 HAdV 的分型方式发生了变化。生物信息学分析已成为革命性的工具，通过比较基因组学，显著加速了对 HAdV 微观进化的深入研究。
