Know your enemy: how to build and vanquish a global fungal scourge.

The 8th International Conference on Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis, chaired by Maurizio Del Poeta (Medical University of South Carolina), and organized together with June Kwon-Chung (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases), Stuart Levitz (University of Massachusetts Medical School), and John Perfect (Duke University), occurred in May 2011. This meeting brought together the world's leading researchers on Cryptococcus and cryptococcosis, including basic scientists, epidemiologists, and clinicians, to discuss new developments in Cryptococcus biology. With more than 60 oral presentations and 180 posters, this meeting enhanced our understanding of pathogenicity of Cryptococcus and served as a robust forum that facilitated cross-disciplinary discussions, research, and clinical collaborations. Due to space constraints, this brief overview highlights only a few of the topics discussed in this meeting, focusing on the evolution of virulence, host and pathogen interactions, fungal and host signaling, new advances of genomics studies on Cryptococcus, and the current status of the outbreak caused by C. gattii. The 8th International Conference on Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis brought together scientists from across the globe in the beautiful historical downtown setting of Charleston to share their latest findings and highlight advances in Cryptococcus research. With more than 250 participants, this meeting was the largest gathering of the Cryptococcus international community in the 24-year history. Here, we review the advances presented and the current state of knowledge in the field.