Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
Science. 2011 Oct 14;334(6053):245-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1210718.
To establish chronic infections, viruses must develop strategies to evade the host's immune responses. Many retroviruses, including mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), are transmitted most efficiently through mucosal surfaces rich in microbiota. We found that MMTV, when ingested by newborn mice, stimulates a state of unresponsiveness toward viral antigens. This process required the intestinal microbiota, as antibiotic-treated mice or germ-free mice did not transmit infectious virus to their offspring. MMTV-bound bacterial lipopolysaccharide triggered Toll-like receptor 4 and subsequent interleukin-6 (IL-6)-dependent induction of the inhibitory cytokine IL-10. Thus, MMTV has evolved to rely on the interaction with the microbiota to induce an immune evasion pathway. Together, these findings reveal the fundamental importance of commensal microbiota in viral infections.
为了建立慢性感染，病毒必须制定策略来逃避宿主的免疫反应。许多逆转录病毒，包括鼠乳腺肿瘤病毒（MMTV），通过富含微生物群的黏膜表面最有效地传播。我们发现，MMTV 被新生小鼠摄入后，会刺激其对病毒抗原产生无反应状态。这个过程需要肠道微生物群，因为接受抗生素治疗或无菌的小鼠不会将感染性病毒传播给它们的后代。MMTV 结合的细菌脂多糖触发 Toll 样受体 4，随后引发白细胞介素 6（IL-6）依赖性抑制性细胞因子白细胞介素 10（IL-10）的诱导。因此，MMTV 已经进化到依赖与微生物群的相互作用来诱导免疫逃逸途径。总之，这些发现揭示了共生微生物群在病毒感染中的基本重要性。
