Jones James Holland
Department of Anthropology, Stanford, CA, USA.
Evol Hum Behav. 2009 Sep 1;30(5):305-314. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.01.005.
In this paper, I present evidence for a robust and quite general force of selection on the human life cycle. The force of selection acts in remarkably invariant ways on human life histories, despite a great abundance of demographic diversity. Human life histories are highly structured, with mortality and fertility changing substantially through the life cycle. This structure necessitates the use of structured population models to understand human life history evolution. Using such structured models, I find that the vital rates to which fitness is most sensitive are pre-reproductive survival probabilities, particularly the survival of children ages 0-4. The fact that the preponderance of selection falls on transitions related to recruitment combined with the late age at first reproduction characteristic of the human life cycle, creates a fitness bottleneck out of recruitment. Because of this, antagonistic pleiotropy with any trait that detracts from the constituent transitions to recruitment is expected. I explore the predictors of variation in the force of selection on early survival. High fertility increases the selective premium placed on early survivorship, while high life expectancy at birth decreases it.
在本文中，我展示了关于人类生命周期中一种强大且相当普遍的选择力的证据。尽管人口统计学存在大量差异，但选择力对人类生命历程的作用方式却显著不变。人类生命历程具有高度的结构性，死亡率和生育率在整个生命周期中会发生显著变化。这种结构使得必须使用结构化种群模型来理解人类生命历程的演变。通过使用此类结构化模型，我发现适应度最敏感的生命率是生殖前的生存概率，尤其是0 - 4岁儿童的生存概率。选择的主要作用落在与招募相关的转变上，再加上人类生命周期首次生育年龄较晚的特点，这在招募过程中造成了一个适应度瓶颈。正因如此，可以预期与任何有损于向招募转变的构成要素的性状会产生拮抗多效性。我探讨了早期生存选择力变化的预测因素。高生育率增加了对早期生存的选择溢价，而出生时的高预期寿命则降低了这种溢价。
