Lang Thomas F
Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0946, USA.
J Osteoporos. 2011;2011:702735. doi: 10.4061/2011/702735. Epub 2011 Oct 5.
Muscle forces are a strong determinant of bone structure, particularly during the process of growth and development. The gender divergence in the bone-muscle relationship becomes strongly evident during adolescence. In females, growth is characterized by increased estrogen levels and increased mass and strength of bone relative to that of muscle, whereas in men, increases in testosterone fuel large increases in muscle, resulting in muscle forces that coincide with a large growth in bone dimensions and strength. In adulthood, significant age-related losses are observed for both bone and muscle tissues. Large decrease in estrogen levels in women appears to diminish the skeleton's responsiveness to exercise more than in men. In contrast, the aging of the muscle-bone axis in men is a function of age related declines in both hormones. In addition to the well-known age related changes in the mechanical loading of bone by muscle, newer studies appear to provide evidence of age- and gender-related variations in molecular signaling between bone and muscle that are independent of purely mechanical interactions. In summary, gender differences in the acquisition and age-related loss in bone and muscle tissues may be important for developing gender-specific strategies for using exercise to reduce bone loss with aging.
肌肉力量是骨骼结构的一个重要决定因素，尤其是在生长发育过程中。骨骼与肌肉关系中的性别差异在青春期变得非常明显。在女性中，生长的特点是雌激素水平升高，骨骼质量和强度相对于肌肉增加；而在男性中，睾酮增加促使肌肉大幅增长，导致肌肉力量与骨骼尺寸和强度的大幅增长相匹配。在成年期，骨骼和肌肉组织都会出现明显的与年龄相关的损耗。女性雌激素水平大幅下降似乎比男性更能削弱骨骼对运动的反应。相比之下，男性肌肉 - 骨骼轴的老化是两种激素与年龄相关下降的结果。除了众所周知的肌肉对骨骼机械负荷的与年龄相关的变化外，新的研究似乎提供了骨骼与肌肉之间分子信号存在与年龄和性别相关差异的证据，这些差异独立于纯粹的机械相互作用。总之，骨骼和肌肉组织在获取和与年龄相关的损耗方面的性别差异，对于制定针对性别的运动策略以减少衰老过程中的骨质流失可能很重要。
