Program in Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, LeBonheur Children's Hospital, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, USA.
Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012 Apr;47(4):321-37. doi: 10.1002/ppul.21576. Epub 2011 Oct 18.
Aspiration is a significant cause of respiratory morbidity and sometimes mortality in children. It occurs when airway protective reflexes fail, especially, when dysphagia is also present. Clinical symptoms and physical findings of aspiration can be nonspecific. Advances in technology can lead to early diagnosis of dysphagia and aspiration, and, new therapeutic advances can significantly improve outcome and prognosis. This report first reviews the anatomy and physiology involved in the normal process of swallowing. Next, the protective reflexes that help to prevent aspiration are discussed followed by the pathophysiologic events that occur after an aspiration event. Various disease processes that can result in dysphagia and aspiration in children are discussed. Finally, the various methods for diagnosis and treatment of dysphagia in children are reviewed.
吸入是儿童发生呼吸疾病和有时导致死亡的一个重要原因。当气道保护反射失败时，特别是当存在吞咽困难时，就会发生吸入。吸入的临床症状和体格检查结果可能没有特异性。技术的进步可以导致吞咽困难和吸入的早期诊断，并且新的治疗进展可以显著改善结果和预后。本报告首先回顾了正常吞咽过程中涉及的解剖和生理学。接下来，讨论有助于预防吸入的保护反射，然后讨论吸入事件后发生的病理生理事件。讨论了可导致儿童吞咽困难和吸入的各种疾病过程。最后，回顾了儿童吞咽困难的各种诊断和治疗方法。
