Zigler E, Hodapp R M, Edison M R
Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520.
Am J Ment Retard. 1990 Jul;95(1):1-12; discussion 13-31.
Issues related to the care and education of mentally retarded individuals were examined from a historical perspective. Historical analysis shows that institutions and special education services spring from common, although not identical, societal and philosophical forces. The adequacy and implications of the normalization concept were discussed in relation to both deinstitutionalization and mainstreaming, with the conclusion that mental retardation workers must pay more attention to bettering the lives of retarded individuals and less to the "social address" at which interventions take place. Suggestions for the future care and education of retarded individuals were provided, and the proper role of science in the mental retardation field was discussed.
从历史的角度审视了与智力迟钝者的照料和教育相关的问题。历史分析表明，机构和特殊教育服务源于共同的社会和哲学力量，尽管并不完全相同。结合去机构化和主流化讨论了正常化概念的充分性及其影响，得出的结论是，智力迟钝领域的工作者必须更多地关注改善智力迟钝者的生活，而减少对干预措施实施的“社会环境”的关注。文中还提供了对智力迟钝者未来照料和教育的建议，并讨论了科学在智力迟钝领域的恰当作用。
