Institute for Pathology and Cytology/Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken GmbH, Academic Hospital of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Ludwig-Erhard-Str. 100, Wiesbaden 65199, Germany.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011 Sep;8(9):3672-87. doi: 10.3390/ijerph8093672. Epub 2011 Sep 9.
Occupational diseases affect more and more people every year. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), in 2000 an estimated amount of at least 160 million people became ill as a result of occupational-related hazards or injuries. Globally, occupational deaths, diseases and injuries account for an estimated loss of 4% of the Gross Domestic Product. Important substances that are related to occupational diseases are isocyanates and their products. These substances, which are used in a lot of different industrial processes, are not only toxic and irritant, but also allergenic. Although the exposure to higher concentrations could be monitored and restricted by technical means, very low concentrations are difficult to monitor and may, over time, lead to allergic reactions in some workers, ending in an occupational disease. In order to prevent the people from sickening, the mechanisms underlying the disease, by patho-physiological and genetical means, have to be known and understood so that high risk groups and early signs in the development of an allergic reaction could be detected before the exposure to isocyanates leads to an occupational disease. Therefore, this paper reviews the so far known facts concerning the patho-physiologic appearance and mechanisms of isocyanate-associated toxic reactions and possible genetic involvement that might trigger the allergic reactions.
职业病每年影响越来越多的人。根据国际劳工组织（ILO）的数据，在 2000 年，估计至少有 1.6 亿人因职业相关危害或伤害而患病。在全球范围内，职业死亡、疾病和伤害占国内生产总值的 4%左右。与职业病有关的重要物质是异氰酸酯及其产品。这些物质在许多不同的工业过程中被使用，不仅具有毒性和刺激性，而且还具有致敏性。尽管可以通过技术手段来监测和限制较高浓度的暴露，但非常低的浓度很难监测，并且随着时间的推移，可能会导致某些工人发生过敏反应，最终导致职业病。为了防止人们生病，必须了解疾病的发病机制，通过病理生理和遗传手段，以便在接触异氰酸酯导致职业病之前，检测出高危人群和过敏反应发展过程中的早期迹象。因此，本文综述了迄今为止已知的与异氰酸酯相关的毒性反应的病理生理表现和机制，以及可能引发过敏反应的遗传参与。
