Division of Pathophysiology and Repair, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, United Kingdom.
Annu Rev Physiol. 2012;74:271-97. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020911-153318. Epub 2011 Oct 17.
The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is the first identified G protein-coupled receptor to be activated by an ion, extracellular calcium (Ca(2+)). Since the identification of the CaSR in 1993, genetic mutations in the CaSR gene, and murine models in which CaSR expression has been manipulated, have clearly demonstrated the importance of this receptor in the maintenance of stable, free, ionized Ca(2+) concentration in the extracellular fluids. These functions have been extensively reviewed elsewhere. However, the distribution pattern and expression of the CaSR in lower vertebrates strongly suggest that the CaSR must play a role that is independent of mineral cation metabolism. This review addresses the involvement of the CaSR in nutrient sensing; its putative and demonstrated functions during conception, embryonic development, and birth; and its contributions to adult physiology and disease, with reference to CaSR-based therapeutics. Recent ongoing developments concerning the role of the CaSR in stem cell differentiation are also reviewed.
细胞外钙敏感受体（CaSR）是首个被鉴定的被离子（细胞外钙（Ca(2+)））激活的 G 蛋白偶联受体。自 1993 年 CaSR 被发现以来，CaSR 基因的基因突变和 CaSR 表达被操纵的鼠模型清楚地表明了该受体在维持细胞外液中稳定、游离、离子化 Ca(2+)浓度中的重要性。这些功能已在其他地方进行了广泛的综述。然而，CaSR 在较低等脊椎动物中的分布模式和表达强烈表明，CaSR 必须发挥独立于矿物质阳离子代谢的作用。本文综述了 CaSR 在营养感应中的作用；它在受孕、胚胎发育和出生过程中的假定和已证明的功能；以及它对成年生理学和疾病的贡献，参考了基于 CaSR 的治疗方法。还回顾了最近关于 CaSR 在干细胞分化中的作用的正在进行的研究进展。
