Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
Ir Vet J. 2011 Oct 21;64(1):14. doi: 10.1186/2046-0481-64-14.
Calfhood diseases have a major impact on the economic viability of cattle operations. A three part review series has been developed focusing on calf health from birth to weaning. In this paper, the last of the three part series, we review disease prevention and management with particular reference to pneumonia, focusing primarily on the pre-weaned calf. Pneumonia in recently weaned suckler calves is also considered, where the key risk factors are related to the time of weaning. Weaning of the suckler calf is often combined with additional stressors including a change in nutrition, environmental change, transport and painful husbandry procedures (castration, dehorning). The reduction of the cumulative effects of these multiple stressors around the time of weaning together with vaccination programmes (preconditioning) can reduce subsequent morbidity and mortality in the feedlot. In most studies, calves housed individually and calves housed outdoors with shelter, are associated with decreased risk of disease. Even though it poses greater management challenges, successful group housing of calves is possible. Special emphasis should be given to equal age groups and to keeping groups stable once they are formed. The management of pneumonia in calves is reliant on a sound understanding of aetiology, relevant risk factors, and of effective approaches to diagnosis and treatment. Early signs of pneumonia include increased respiratory rate and fever, followed by depression. The single most important factor determining the success of therapy in calves with pneumonia is early onset of treatment, and subsequent adequate duration of treatment. The efficacy and economical viability of vaccination against respiratory disease in calves remains unclear.
犊牛疾病对牛场的经济生存能力有重大影响。为此，我们编写了一个由三部分组成的综述系列，重点介绍了从出生到断奶的犊牛健康问题。本文是该综述系列的第三部分，主要针对肺炎，介绍了疾病的预防和管理，特别关注了未断奶犊牛的肺炎。我们还考虑了最近断奶的育肥牛犊的肺炎，其中关键的风险因素与断奶时间有关。育肥牛犊的断奶通常与其他应激因素相结合，包括营养变化、环境变化、运输和疼痛的饲养程序（去势、去角）。在断奶时减少这些多种应激因素的累积效应，并结合疫苗接种计划（预处理）可以降低育肥场随后的发病率和死亡率。在大多数研究中，单独饲养的犊牛和在户外有遮蔽物的犊牛，其患病风险较低。尽管群体饲养存在更大的管理挑战，但成功的犊牛群体饲养是可能的。应特别注意年龄组的均等性，并在群体形成后保持稳定。犊牛肺炎的管理依赖于对病因、相关风险因素以及有效诊断和治疗方法的深入了解。肺炎的早期迹象包括呼吸频率增加和发烧，随后出现抑郁。在患有肺炎的犊牛中，决定治疗成功的最重要因素是早期开始治疗，以及随后进行足够长的治疗。疫苗接种对犊牛呼吸道疾病的疗效和经济可行性仍不清楚。
