Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde/Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde/Secretaria Estadual de Saúde/Estado do Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil (DVAS/CEVS/SES-RS).
Am J Primatol. 2012 Jan 1;74(1):68-76. doi: 10.1002/ajp.21010. Epub 2011 Oct 21.
The natural transmission cycle of Yellow Fever (YF) involves tree hole breeding mosquitoes and a wide array of nonhuman primates (NHP), including monkeys and apes. Some Neotropical monkeys (howler monkeys, genus Alouatta) develop fatal YF virus (YFV) infections similar to those reported in humans, even with minimum exposure to the infection. Epizootics in wild primates may be indicating YFV circulation, and the surveillance of such outbreaks in wildlife is an important tool to help prevent human infection. In 2001, surveillance activities successfully identified YF-related death in a black-and-gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya), Rio Grande do Sul State (RGS) in southern Brazil, and the YFV was isolated from a species of forest-dwelling mosquito (Haemagogus leucocelaenus). These findings led the State Secretariat of Health to initiate a monitoring program for YF and other 18 arboviral infections in Alouatta monkeys. The monitoring program included monkey captures, reporting of monkey casualties by municipalities, and subsequent investigations. If monkey carcasses were found in forests, samples were collected in a standardized manner and this practice resulted in increased reporting of outbreaks. In October 2008, a single howler monkey in a northwestern RGS municipality was confirmed to have died from YF. From October 2008 to June 2009, 2,013 monkey deaths were reported (830 A. caraya and 1,183 A. guariba clamitans). Viruses isolation in blood, viscera, and/or immunohistochemistry led to the detection of YF in 204 of 297 (69%) (154 A. g. clamitans and 50 A. caraya) dead Alouatta monkeys tested. The number of municipalities with confirmed YFV circulation in howlers increased from 2 to 67 and 21 confirmed human cases occurred. This surveillance system was successful in identifying the largest YF outbreak affecting wild NHP ever recorded.
黄热病（YF）的自然传播周期涉及树洞繁殖的蚊子和广泛的非人类灵长类动物（NHP），包括猴子和猿类。一些新热带猴（吼猴属，Alouatta）会发展出致命的黄热病病毒（YFV）感染，类似于人类报告的感染，即使是最小的感染暴露。野生灵长类动物中的流行病可能表明 YFV 的循环，对野生动物中此类疫情的监测是帮助预防人类感染的重要工具。2001 年，监测活动成功地在巴西南部南里奥格兰德州（RGS）的一只黑金吼猴（Alouatta caraya）中发现了与黄热病相关的死亡病例，并且从一种森林栖息的蚊子（Haemagogus leucocelaenus）中分离出了 YFV。这些发现促使州卫生秘书处启动了一项针对 YF 和其他 18 种猴痘病毒感染的监控计划。该监测计划包括猴子的捕获、各城市报告猴子死亡情况以及随后的调查。如果在森林中发现猴子尸体，则以标准化的方式收集样本，这种做法增加了疫情的报告。2008 年 10 月，RGS 一个西北部城市的一只吼猴被证实死于黄热病。2008 年 10 月至 2009 年 6 月，共报告了 2,013 只猴子死亡（830 只 A. caraya 和 1,183 只 A. guariba clamitans）。在 297 只（69%）（154 只 A. g. clamitans 和 50 只 A. caraya）死亡的 Alouatta 猴子中，通过血液、内脏和/或免疫组织化学分离病毒，检测到 YF 的存在。确认存在 YFV 循环的城市数量从 2 个增加到 67 个，确认发生了 21 例人类病例。该监测系统成功地确定了有史以来影响野生非人类灵长类动物的最大 YF 疫情。
