Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, Delft 2628BL, Netherlands.
Chem Soc Rev. 2012 Feb 21;41(4):1437-51. doi: 10.1039/c1cs15219j. Epub 2011 Oct 28.
In this tutorial review, the fundamental concepts underlying the principles of green and sustainable chemistry--atom and step economy and the E factor--are presented, within the general context of efficiency in organic synthesis. The importance of waste minimisation through the widespread application of catalysis in all its forms--homogeneous, heterogeneous, organocatalysis and biocatalysis--is discussed. These general principles are illustrated with simple practical examples, such as alcohol oxidation and carbonylation and the asymmetric reduction of ketones. The latter reaction is exemplified by a three enzyme process for the production of a key intermediate in the synthesis of the cholesterol lowering agent, atorvastatin. The immobilisation of enzymes as cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) as a means of optimizing operational performance is presented. The use of immobilised enzymes in catalytic cascade processes is illustrated with a trienzymatic process for the conversion of benzaldehyde to (S)-mandelic acid using a combi-CLEA containing three enzymes. Finally, the transition from fossil-based chemicals manufacture to a more sustainable biomass-based production is discussed.
在本教程综述中，在有机合成效率的总体背景下，介绍了绿色和可持续化学原则的基本概念——原子经济性和步骤经济性以及 E 因子——。通过广泛应用各种形式的催化作用（均相、多相、有机催化和生物催化）来实现废物最小化的重要性进行了讨论。这些一般原则通过简单的实际例子来说明，例如醇氧化和羰基化以及酮的不对称还原。后一种反应通过三酶过程来生产胆固醇降低剂阿托伐他汀合成中的关键中间体为例进行了说明。作为优化操作性能的一种手段，将酶固定化为交联酶聚集体 (CLEA) 进行了介绍。使用固定化酶在催化级联反应中的应用通过包含三种酶的组合 CLEA 从苯甲醛转化为（S）-扁桃酸的三酶反应进行了说明。最后，讨论了从基于化石的化学品制造向更可持续的基于生物质的生产的转变。
