Tengku S A, Norhayati M
Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Trop Biomed. 2011 Aug;28(2):194-222.
Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of human amoebiasis remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries and is responsible for up to 100,000 deaths worldwide each year. Entamoeba dispar, morphologically indistinguishable from E. histolytica is more common in humans in many parts of the world. Similarly Entamoeba moshkovskii, which was long considered to be a free-living amoeba is also morphologically identical to E. histolytica and E. dispar, and is highly prevalent in some E. histolytica endemic countries. Humans are the host of infection and there would not appear to be other meaningful animal reservoirs of E. histolytica. Entamoeba. histolytica can be present in sewage and contaminated water. The infection is mainly transmitted via ingestion of water or food contaminated by faeces containing E. histolytica cysts. Clinical features of amoebiasis range from asymptomatic colonization to amoebic dysentery and invasive extraintestinal amoebiasis, which is manifested most commonly in the form of abscesses in liver and lungs. The epidemiology of amoebiasis has dramatically changed since the separation of E. histolytica and E. dispar species and the worldwide prevalence of these species has not been estimated until recently. Morever, E. moshkovskii, another morphologically indistinguishable human parasitic Entamoeba was not mentioned or considered as a contributor to the prevalence figures in endemic areas. Amoebiasis is still a major health problem especially in aboriginal settlements and amongst people living in remote area in Malaysia. However, until now there is only one data currently available to indicate the true prevalence and incidence of E. histolytica and E. dispar. Further studies are needed to determine the burden of E. histolytica, E. dispar and E. moshkovskii infections in Malaysia. In the present review, we briefly summarize all methods use in diagnosing Entamoeba species, ranging from microscopic identification to molecular detection such as culture and isoenzyme analysis, antibody detection tests, antigen detection tests, immunochromatographic assays, conventional PCR, real-time PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP).
溶组织内阿米巴是人类阿米巴病的病原体，在发展中国家仍是发病和死亡的重要原因，每年在全球导致多达10万人死亡。迪氏内阿米巴在形态上与溶组织内阿米巴无法区分，在世界许多地区的人类中更为常见。同样，长期以来被认为是自由生活阿米巴的莫斯科维奇内阿米巴在形态上也与溶组织内阿米巴和迪氏内阿米巴相同，并且在一些溶组织内阿米巴流行国家中高度流行。人类是感染宿主，似乎不存在其他有意义的溶组织内阿米巴动物宿主。溶组织内阿米巴可存在于污水和受污染的水中。感染主要通过摄入被含有溶组织内阿米巴包囊的粪便污染的水或食物传播。阿米巴病的临床特征从无症状定植到阿米巴痢疾和侵袭性肠外阿米巴病，最常见的表现形式是肝和肺脓肿。自从溶组织内阿米巴和迪氏内阿米巴物种分离以来，阿米巴病的流行病学发生了巨大变化，直到最近才对这些物种在全球的流行情况进行估计。此外，另一种形态上无法区分的人类寄生内阿米巴——莫斯科维奇内阿米巴在流行地区的患病率数据中未被提及或考虑。阿米巴病仍然是一个主要的健康问题，尤其是在马来西亚的原住民定居点和生活在偏远地区的人群中。然而，到目前为止，只有一项数据可用于表明溶组织内阿米巴和迪氏内阿米巴的真实患病率和发病率。需要进一步研究以确定马来西亚溶组织内阿米巴、迪氏内阿米巴和莫斯科维奇内阿米巴感染的负担。在本综述中，我们简要总结了用于诊断内阿米巴物种的所有方法，从显微镜鉴定到分子检测，如培养和同工酶分析、抗体检测试验、抗原检测试验、免疫层析测定、常规PCR、实时PCR和环介导等温扩增（LAMP）。
