Agarwal K N
Health Care and Research Association for Adolescents, and Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, India.
Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2011;68:107-15. doi: 10.1159/000325670. Epub 2011 Oct 3.
Infant feeding and weaning practices in India continue to demonstrate that a significant number of infants do not receive colostrum (62.8% according to the National Family Health Survey, NFHS-2), though breastfeeding is universal and continued for a longer period. In NFHS-3 (2005-2006), there is improving trend for breastfeeding within the first hour of birth (23.4%) and exclusive breastfeeding up to 5 months (46.3%); however, weaning for semisolids is delayed (55.8% only at 6-9 months of age). The infant weaning foods are inadequate in energy-protein and micronutrients. Further, weaning foods and feeding/cooking utensils are contaminated with bacteria, resulting in frequent episodes of diarrhea. Indeed, these are the factors responsible for initiation and continuation of early malnutrition which the country has failed to control as observed in the three NFHS. Over a span of 7 years, i.e. from NFHS-2 (1998-1999) to NFHS-3, there was only marginal reduction in undernutrition. Thus, uncontrolled fetal malnutrition, poor initiation of breastfeeding, inadequate and delayed weaning, and contaminated food and water demand urgency to develop affordable hygienic weaning foods, education to clean utensils, timely weaning and available potable chlorinated water to prevent and control malnutrition.
印度的婴儿喂养和断奶习惯仍表明，尽管母乳喂养很普遍且持续时间较长，但仍有相当数量的婴儿没有吃到初乳（根据全国家庭健康调查（NFHS-2），这一比例为62.8%）。在NFHS-3（2005 - 2006年）中，出生后一小时内进行母乳喂养（23.4%）以及纯母乳喂养至5个月（46.3%）的情况有改善趋势；然而，半固体食物断奶时间延迟（仅55.8%在6至9个月大时断奶）。婴儿断奶食品的能量 - 蛋白质和微量营养素含量不足。此外，断奶食品以及喂养/烹饪用具被细菌污染，导致腹泻频发。事实上，这些就是导致早期营养不良开始和持续的因素，正如在三次全国家庭健康调查中所观察到的，该国未能控制这些因素。在7年的时间跨度内，即从NFHS-2（1998 - 1999年）到NFHS-3，营养不良情况仅有轻微改善。因此，未得到控制的胎儿营养不良、母乳喂养开始不佳、断奶不足和延迟以及食物和水污染，迫切需要开发价格合理的卫生断奶食品、开展清洁用具教育、适时断奶并提供可饮用的加氯水，以预防和控制营养不良。
