Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain.
Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2011 Dec;37(12):1574-86. doi: 10.1177/0146167211424580.
When people are ostrasized (i.e., rejected and excluded) by either an outgroup or an ingroup, they may either withdraw or engage in compensatory activities designed to reaffirm their social identity as a group member. The authors proposed here that individual differences in identity fusion (an index of familial orientation toward the group) would moderate the tendency for people to display such compensatory activity. Consistent with this reasoning, the results of four experiments showed that irrevocable ostracism increased endorsement of extreme, pro-group actions (fighting and dying for the ingroup) among fused persons but not among nonfused persons. This effect emerged when an outgroup ostracized fused individuals due either to their nationality (Experiment 1) or their personal preferences (Experiment 2). Similarly, ostracism by the ingroup amplified the tendency for fused persons to both endorse extreme pro-group actions, refuse to leave the group (Experiment 3), and donate money to an ingroup member (Experiment 4). Finally, compensatory activities emerged even when ostracism was based on being "too good" for the group, suggesting that a desire for self-enhancement does not mediate such activities (Experiment 4).
当人们被外群体或内群体排斥（即被拒绝和排斥）时，他们可能会退缩或采取补偿性活动来重新确认自己作为群体成员的社会身份。本文作者提出，身份融合的个体差异（一个群体取向的家庭指标）将调节人们表现出这种补偿性活动的倾向。四个实验的结果一致表明，不可挽回的排斥会增加融合个体对极端、亲群体行为（为群体而战和牺牲）的认可，而不会增加非融合个体的认可。当一个外群体由于一个人的国籍（实验 1）或个人偏好（实验 2）而排斥融合个体时，这种效应就会出现。同样，内群体的排斥会放大融合个体既支持极端亲群体行为，又拒绝离开群体（实验 3）和向群体成员捐款（实验 4）的倾向。最后，即使排斥是基于“对群体来说太好了”，补偿性活动也会出现，这表明自我提升的愿望不会调节这种活动（实验 4）。
