IMAR-CMA Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2012 Feb;31(2):437-45. doi: 10.1002/etc.738. Epub 2011 Dec 21.
The aim of the present study is to contribute an ecologically relevant assessment of the ecotoxicological effects of pesticide applications in agricultural areas in the tropics, using an integrated approach with information gathered from soil and aquatic compartments. Carbofuran, an insecticide/nematicide used widely on sugarcane crops, was selected as a model substance. To evaluate the toxic effects of pesticide spraying for soil biota, as well as the potential indirect effects on aquatic biota resulting from surface runoff and/or leaching, field and laboratory (using a cost-effective simulator of pesticide applications) trials were performed. Standard ecotoxicological tests were performed with soil (Eisenia andrei, Folsomia candida, and Enchytraeus crypticus) and aquatic (Ceriodaphnia silvestrii) organisms, using serial dilutions of soil, eluate, leachate, and runoff samples. Among soil organisms, sensitivity was found to be E. crypticus < E. andrei < F. candida. Among the aqueous extracts, mortality of C. silvestrii was extreme in runoff samples, whereas eluates were by far the least toxic samples. A generally higher toxicity was found in the bioassays performed with samples from the field trial, indicating the need for improvements in the laboratory simulator. However, the tool developed proved to be valuable in evaluating the toxic effects of pesticide spraying in soils and the potential risks for aquatic compartments.
本研究旨在采用综合方法，从土壤和水生环境中收集信息，对热带农业地区农药应用的生态毒理学效应进行具有生态相关性的评估。选用广泛应用于甘蔗作物的杀虫剂/杀线虫剂呋喃丹作为模型物质。为了评估土壤生物区系中农药喷雾的毒性效应，以及地表径流和/或淋溶导致的对水生生物区系的潜在间接影响，进行了野外和实验室（使用一种具有成本效益的农药应用模拟器）试验。使用土壤（赤子爱胜蚓、光滑菲氏摇蚊和真蚓）和水生（刺糠虾）生物进行了标准生态毒理学测试，使用土壤、浸出液、淋溶液和径流样品的系列稀释液。在土壤生物中，敏感性为真蚓<赤子爱胜蚓<光滑菲氏摇蚊。在水样提取物中，径流样品中刺糠虾的死亡率极高，而浸出液则是毒性最低的样品。野外试验中生物测定的毒性通常更高，表明需要改进实验室模拟器。然而，所开发的工具在评估土壤中农药喷雾的毒性效应以及对水生环境的潜在风险方面被证明是有价值的。
