Aris John P, Fishwick Laura K, Marraffini Michelle L, Seo Arnold Y, Leeuwenburgh Christiaan, Dunn William A
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0235, USA,
Subcell Biochem. 2012;57:161-86. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-2561-4_8.
Understanding how non-dividing cells remain viable over long periods of time, which may be decades in humans, is of central importance in understanding mechanisms of aging and longevity. The long-term viability of non-dividing cells, known as chronological longevity, relies on cellular processes that degrade old components and replace them with new ones. Key among these processes is amino acid homeostasis. Amino acid homeostasis requires three principal functions: amino acid uptake, de novo synthesis, and recycling. Autophagy plays a key role in recycling amino acids and other metabolic building blocks, while at the same time removing damaged cellular components such as mitochondria and other organelles. Regulation of amino acid homeostasis and autophagy is accomplished by a complex web of pathways that interact because of the functional overlap at the level of recycling. It is becoming increasingly clear that amino acid homeostasis and autophagy play important roles in chronological longevity in yeast and higher organisms. Our goal in this chapter is to focus on mechanisms and pathways that link amino acid homeostasis, autophagy, and chronological longevity in yeast, and explore their relevance to aging and longevity in higher eukaryotes.
了解非分裂细胞如何长时间保持活力（在人类中可能长达数十年）对于理解衰老和长寿机制至关重要。非分裂细胞的长期活力，即所谓的时序寿命，依赖于细胞过程，这些过程降解旧成分并用新成分取代它们。这些过程中的关键是氨基酸稳态。氨基酸稳态需要三个主要功能：氨基酸摄取、从头合成和循环利用。自噬在氨基酸和其他代谢构件的循环利用中起关键作用，同时去除受损的细胞成分，如线粒体和其他细胞器。氨基酸稳态和自噬的调节是通过一个复杂的途径网络来完成的，这些途径由于在循环利用水平上的功能重叠而相互作用。越来越清楚的是，氨基酸稳态和自噬在酵母和高等生物的时序寿命中起着重要作用。本章的目标是关注连接酵母中氨基酸稳态、自噬和时序寿命的机制和途径，并探讨它们与高等真核生物衰老和长寿的相关性。
