Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt.
Acta Trop. 2012 Feb;121(2):71-84. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.11.001. Epub 2011 Nov 15.
Microbial applications in malaria transmission control have drawn global attention. Mosquito midgut microbiota can modulate vector immunity and block Plasmodium development. Paratransgenic manipulation of bacterial symbionts and Wolbachia can affect reproductive characteristics of mosquitoes. Bacillus-based biolarvicides can control mosquito larvae in different breeding habitats, but their effectiveness differs according to the type of formulation applied, and the physical and ecological conditions of the environment. Entomopathogenic fungi show promise as effective and evolution-proof agents against adult mosquitoes. In addition, transgenic fungi can express anti-plasmodial effector molecules that can target the parasite inside its vector. Despite showing effectiveness in domestic environments as well as against insecticide-resistant mosquitoes, claims towards their deployability in the field and their possible use in integrated vector management programmes have yet to be investigated. Viral pathogens show efficacy in the interruption of sporogonic development of the parasite, and protozoal pathogens exert direct pathogenic potential on larvae and adults with substantial effects on mosquito longevity and fecundity. However, the technology required for their isolation and maintenance impedes their field application. Many agents show promising findings; however, the question remains about the epidemiologic reality of these approaches because even those that have been tried under field conditions still have certain limitations. This review addresses aspects of the microbial control of malaria between proof-of-concept and epidemiologic reality.
微生物在疟疾传播控制中的应用引起了全球关注。蚊子中肠微生物群可以调节媒介免疫力并阻止疟原虫发育。通过共生细菌和沃尔巴克氏体的转基因操作可以影响蚊子的生殖特征。基于芽孢杆菌的生物杀幼虫剂可以控制不同繁殖栖息地的蚊子幼虫，但它们的效果因应用的制剂类型以及环境的物理和生态条件而异。昆虫病原真菌作为针对成蚊的有效且不易产生抗药性的制剂具有广阔的应用前景。此外，转基因真菌可以表达针对寄生虫在其媒介内的抗疟原虫效应分子。尽管在室内环境以及对杀虫剂抗性蚊子中表现出有效性，但关于它们在野外的部署能力及其在综合媒介管理计划中的可能用途的说法仍有待研究。病毒病原体在中断寄生虫的孢子生殖发育方面具有疗效，原生动物病原体对幼虫和成虫具有直接的致病潜力，对蚊子的寿命和繁殖力有重大影响。然而，其分离和维持所需的技术阻碍了其在野外的应用。许多制剂显示出有希望的结果；然而，这些方法的流行病学实际情况仍存在疑问，因为即使是那些已经在野外条件下尝试过的方法仍然存在某些局限性。本综述探讨了从概念验证到流行病学现实之间疟疾的微生物控制的各个方面。
