Lacey L A, Lacey C M
Vector Biology and Control Project, AID/MSCI, Arlington, VA 22209.
J Am Mosq Control Assoc Suppl. 1990 Jun;2:1-93.
The medical importance, ecology and control of riceland mosquitoes using alternative strategies is reviewed. Over 135 pest and vector anopheline and culicine mosquito species found in association with riceland habitats and their medical importance are presented. Malaria and Japanese encephalitis are the two most serious human diseases transmitted by riceland mosquitoes, but they have been incriminated as vectors of dozens of arboviruses and other parasites and pathogens including the causal agents of West Nile and Rift Valley Fevers and lymphatic filariasis. Control of vector and pest mosquitoes using chemical pesticides has generated several problems including: insecticide resistance, safety risks for humans and domestic animals, and other environmental concerns. These problems and the high cost and sustainability of programs based predominantly on conventional insecticides have stimulated increased interest in integrated control measures in ricelands. The integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for mosquito control, also known as integrated vector control (IVC), is an ecologically based approach that may involve several complementary interventions used in combination or singly. Environmental management, and chemical, biological and mechanical control, comprise the elements of IVC proposed for use in or near riceland habitats. Some of the elements of environmental management include the use of intermittent irrigation; flushing of fields; use of rice cultivars that require less water; shifting of planting schedules to avoid optimal mosquito breeding conditions; relocation of communities or use of dry belt farming around them; and zooprophylaxis and other personal protection methods, especially use of insecticide-impregnated bed nets. Biological control agents that have been used successfully in rice fields include several species of larvivorous fish, a mermithid nematode (Romanomermis culicivorax), a fungus (Lagenidium giganteum) and bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus). The mermithid and the entomopathogens have demonstrated little or no adverse effects on populations of vertebrate and invertebrate nontarget organisms. The successful use of any particular method or combination of interventions for the control of riceland mosquitoes will depend on in-depth ecological studies on the target species and nontarget organisms, sound geographic reconnaissance and effective routine sampling and evaluation. When biological control agents are considered, additional background on the environmental factors limiting their efficacy will also be needed. In addition to the technical components of the various interventions employed in integrated control, sustained suppression of riceland mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit will require a greater sociocultural supportive background, particularly in developing countries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
本文综述了利用替代策略对稻田蚊虫的医学重要性、生态学及防治方法。文中介绍了135种以上与稻田生境相关的害虫及媒介按蚊和库蚊种类及其医学重要性。疟疾和日本脑炎是稻田蚊虫传播的两种最严重的人类疾病，但它们还被认为是数十种虫媒病毒及其他寄生虫和病原体的传播媒介，包括西尼罗河热、裂谷热和淋巴丝虫病的病原体。使用化学杀虫剂防治媒介蚊虫和害虫产生了若干问题，包括：抗药性、对人类和家畜的安全风险以及其他环境问题。这些问题以及主要基于传统杀虫剂的项目的高成本和可持续性，激发了人们对稻田综合防治措施的更大兴趣。蚊虫防治的综合虫害管理（IPM）策略，也称为综合媒介防治（IVC），是一种基于生态学的方法，可能涉及几种组合或单独使用的互补性干预措施。环境管理以及化学、生物和机械防治，构成了拟用于稻田生境或其附近的IVC要素。环境管理的一些要素包括采用间歇灌溉；田间冲洗；使用需水量较少的水稻品种；调整种植时间表以避免最佳蚊虫繁殖条件；社区搬迁或在其周围采用旱作农业；以及动物预防和其他个人防护方法，特别是使用浸有杀虫剂的蚊帐。已在稻田成功使用的生物防治剂包括几种食蚊鱼、一种索线虫（嗜蚊罗索线虫）、一种真菌（巨大拉格孢菌）和细菌（以色列亚种苏云金芽孢杆菌和球形芽孢杆菌）。索线虫和昆虫病原体对脊椎动物和无脊椎动物非靶标生物种群几乎没有或没有不良影响。成功使用任何特定方法或干预措施组合来防治稻田蚊虫，将取决于对目标物种和非靶标生物的深入生态学研究、合理的地理勘查以及有效的常规采样和评估。当考虑使用生物防治剂时，还需要有关限制其效力的环境因素的更多背景信息。除了综合防治中采用的各种干预措施的技术组成部分外，持续抑制稻田蚊虫及其传播的疾病将需要更大的社会文化支持背景，特别是在发展中国家。（摘要截选至400字）
