Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, Mason Lab 313b, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Jan 3;46(1):119-31. doi: 10.1021/es203312s. Epub 2011 Dec 12.
Interest in the formation of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) has increased because toxicological research has indicated that they are often more genotoxic, cytotoxic, or carcinogenic than many of the carbonaceous disinfection byproducts (C-DBPs) that have been a focus for previous research. Moreover, population growth has forced utilities to exploit source waters impaired by wastewater effluents or algal blooms. Both waters feature higher levels of organic nitrogen, that might serve as N-DBP precursors. Utilities are exploring new disinfectant combinations to reduce the formation of regulated trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. As some of these new combinations may promote N-DBP formation, characterization of N-DBP formation pathways is needed. Formation pathways for halonitroalkanes, halonitriles, haloamides, and N-nitrosamines associated with chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, UV, and chloramine disinfection are critically reviewed. Several important themes emerge from the review. First, the formation pathways of the N-DBP families are partially linked because most of the pathways involve similar amine precursors. Second, it is unlikely that a disinfection scheme that is free of byproduct formation will be discovered. Disinfectant combinations should be optimized to reduce the overall exposure to toxic byproducts. Third, the understanding of formation pathways should be employed to devise methods of applying disinfectants that minimize byproduct formation while accomplishing pathogen reduction goals. Fourth, the well-characterized nature of the monomers constituting the biopolymers that likely dominate the organic nitrogen precursor pool should be exploited to predict the formation of byproducts likely to form at high yields.
人们对含氮消毒副产物（N-DBPs）形成的兴趣日益浓厚，因为毒理学研究表明，与之前研究的许多碳质消毒副产物（C-DBPs）相比，它们通常更具遗传毒性、细胞毒性或致癌性。此外，人口增长迫使公用事业部门利用受废水和藻类大量繁殖影响的水源。这两种水源的有机氮含量较高，可能是 N-DBP 的前体。公用事业部门正在探索新的消毒剂组合，以减少受管制的三卤甲烷和卤乙酸的形成。由于其中一些新组合可能会促进 N-DBP 的形成，因此需要对 N-DBP 的形成途径进行特征描述。本文对与氯、臭氧、二氧化氯、紫外线和氯胺消毒相关的卤代硝基烷、卤代腈、卤代酰胺和 N-亚硝胺的形成途径进行了批判性回顾。从综述中得出了几个重要主题。首先，N-DBP 家族的形成途径部分相关，因为大多数途径都涉及相似的胺前体。其次，不太可能发现一种无副产物形成的消毒方案。应优化消毒剂组合，以减少对有毒副产物的总体暴露。第三，应利用形成途径的理解来设计应用消毒剂的方法，以最大限度地减少副产物的形成，同时实现减少病原体的目标。第四，应利用构成可能主导有机氮前体池的生物聚合物的单体的特征来预测可能以高收率形成的副产物的形成。
