Imperial College London, Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Section of Investigative Medicine, London, UK.
J Hum Nutr Diet. 2012 Feb;25(1):3-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2011.01211.x. Epub 2011 Nov 26.
Loss of appetite is frequently observed during ageing, termed the 'anorexia of ageing'. Ageing is associated with the inability to appropriately increase food intake after under-eating in the short- and long-term. Older people also report lower feelings of hunger and increased feelings of satiety and fullness. Gastrointestinal peptide hormones are a major part of the appetite regulatory system and are released in response to nutritional stimuli. They can be classified as: anorexigenic (satiety) [e.g. peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1, pancreatic polypeptide, oxyntomodulin and cholecystokinin (CCK)] or orexigenic (hunger) (e.g. ghrelin). Although the control of appetite is not fully understood, it is clear that these hormones play an important role, and may influence the development and treatment of obesity and under-nutrition. The literature shows a consistent finding that there is a loss of appetite in those aged over 65 years, although how this loss is mediated is not yet clear. Some evidence suggests that with advancing age there is an increase in satiety hormones, such as CCK and PYY, and a decrease in the hunger hormone, ghrelin. However, not all studies agree, emphasising the need for more in-depth research to clarify age-related changes. This knowledge will enable us to develop therapies to help prevent under-nutrition during ageing. This review explores how age influences gastrointestinal appetite hormones in humans, as well as how this may contribute to the development of age-related malnutrition.
食欲减退在衰老过程中经常观察到，称为“衰老性厌食”。衰老与在短期和长期内进食不足后无法适当增加食物摄入量有关。老年人还报告饥饿感降低，饱腹感和饱足感增加。胃肠道肽激素是食欲调节系统的主要组成部分，它们会响应营养刺激而释放。它们可以分为：厌食性（饱腹感）[例如肽酪氨酸酪氨酸（PYY）、胰高血糖素样肽-1、胰多肽、胃饥饿素和胆囊收缩素（CCK）]或食欲性（饥饿）（例如生长激素释放肽）。尽管食欲的控制尚未完全清楚，但很明显这些激素起着重要作用，并且可能影响肥胖和营养不良的发展和治疗。文献表明，65 岁以上的人存在食欲减退的一致发现，尽管这种减退是如何介导的尚不清楚。一些证据表明，随着年龄的增长，饱腹感激素（如 CCK 和 PYY）增加，饥饿激素（如 ghrelin）减少。然而，并非所有研究都同意这一观点，这强调了需要进行更深入的研究以阐明与年龄相关的变化。这方面的知识将使我们能够开发疗法来帮助预防衰老过程中的营养不良。这篇综述探讨了年龄如何影响人类胃肠道的食欲激素，以及这如何导致与年龄相关的营养不良的发展。
