Department of Psychiatry, Imaging Research Center, University of California at Davis, 4701 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
Schizophr Bull. 2012 Jan;38(1):114-24. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbr146. Epub 2011 Nov 28.
The Relational and Item-Specific Encoding task (RISE) was designed to assess contributions of specific encoding and retrieval processes to episodic memory in schizophrenia. This manuscript describes how a cognitive neuroscience functional imaging paradigm was translated for clinical research.
The RISE manipulates encoding by requiring participants to decide whether stimuli are "living/nonliving" (item-specific) or whether one stimulus fits inside the other (relational) and estimates familiarity (F) and recollection (R) by examining receiver operator characteristics (ROC) and assessing item and associative recognition. Two studies examined psychometric characteristics and tested the hypothesis that patients have differential deficits in relational vs item-specific encoding and disproportionate impairments in recollection vs familiarity.
Study 1, using visual objects, provided support for the encoding hypotheses and revealed good internal consistency and alternate forms reliability, with small differences between test forms. ROC analysis revealed R and F deficits, with F deficits most prominent following relational encoding. Study 2 used word stimuli, which lowered item recognition, but patients had difficulty understanding task demands, and words were less desirable for non-English speaking clinical trials, leading to the decision to proceed with the original task.
The RISE is a valid and reliable measure of item-specific and relational memory that is well tolerated, with good psychometric characteristics and equivalent forms to facilitate treatment studies. Results indicate that episodic memory in schizophrenia is most preserved under conditions promoting item-specific encoding that is supported by familiarity-based recognition and is most impaired under relational encoding and recollection-based retrieval conditions.
关系和项目特定编码任务（RISE）旨在评估特定编码和检索过程对精神分裂症患者情节记忆的贡献。本文档介绍了如何将认知神经科学功能成像范式转化为临床研究。
RISE 通过要求参与者判断刺激是“生物/非生物”（项目特定）还是一个刺激是否适合另一个刺激（关系）来进行编码，并通过检查接收者操作特征（ROC）和评估项目和联想识别来估计熟悉度（F）和回忆（R）。两项研究检验了心理测量特征，并检验了患者在关系编码与项目特定编码以及回忆与熟悉度方面存在差异缺陷的假设。
第一项研究使用视觉对象提供了对编码假设的支持，并显示出良好的内部一致性和交替形式可靠性，两种测试形式之间存在微小差异。ROC 分析显示 R 和 F 缺陷，关系编码后 F 缺陷最为明显。第二项研究使用单词刺激，这降低了项目识别，但患者难以理解任务要求，并且对于非英语临床试验来说，单词不太受欢迎，这导致决定继续进行原始任务。
RISE 是一种有效的、可靠的项目特定和关系记忆测量方法，耐受性良好，具有良好的心理测量特征和等效形式，有助于治疗研究。结果表明，在促进基于熟悉度的识别的项目特定编码条件下，精神分裂症患者的情节记忆保存得最好，而在关系编码和基于回忆的检索条件下，情节记忆受损最严重。
