Balaban P M, Korshunova T A
Usp Fiziol Nauk. 2011 Oct-Dec;42(4):3-19.
In the present study we will try to single out several principles of the nervous system functioning essential for describing mechanisms of learning and memory basing on our own experimental investigation of cellular mechanisms of memory in the nervous system of gastropod molluscs and literature data: main changes in functioning due to learning occur in effectivity of synaptic inputs and in the intrinsic properties of postsynaptic neurons; due to learning some synaptic inputs of neurons selectively change its effectivity due to pre- and postsynaptic changes, but the induction of plasticity always starts in postsynapse, maintaining of long-term memory in postsynapse is also shown; reinforcement is not related to activity of the neural chain receptor-sensory neuron-interneuron-motoneuron-effector; reinforcement is mediated via activity of modulatory neurons, and in some cases can be exerted by a single neuron; activity of modulatory neurons is necessary for development of plastic modifications of behavior (including associative), but is not needed for recall of conditioned responses. At the same time, the modulatory neurons (in fact they constitute a neural reinforcement system) are necessary for recall of context associative memory; changes due to learning occur at least in two independent loci in the nervous system. A possibility for erasure of memory with participation of nitroxide is experimentally and theoretically based.
在本研究中，我们将基于对腹足纲软体动物神经系统记忆细胞机制的自身实验研究及文献数据，尝试梳理出神经系统功能的若干原则，这些原则对于描述学习和记忆机制至关重要：学习导致的功能主要变化发生在突触输入的有效性以及突触后神经元的内在特性方面；由于学习，神经元的一些突触输入会因突触前和突触后的变化而选择性地改变其有效性，但可塑性的诱导总是始于突触后，突触后长期记忆的维持也已得到证实；强化与神经链受体 - 感觉神经元 - 中间神经元 - 运动神经元 - 效应器的活动无关；强化是通过调节神经元的活动介导的，在某些情况下可由单个神经元施加；调节神经元的活动对于行为的可塑性修饰（包括联想性修饰）的发展是必要的，但对于条件反应的回忆则不是必需的。同时，调节神经元（实际上它们构成了一个神经强化系统）对于情境联想记忆的回忆是必要的；学习引起的变化至少发生在神经系统的两个独立位点。基于实验和理论，存在由氮氧化物参与消除记忆的可能性。
