Disease Systems, SAC, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK.
Vet Parasitol. 2012 May 4;186(1-2):38-50. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.044. Epub 2011 Nov 20.
It is increasingly being recognized that non-chemical parasite control strategies may need to be combined to control more effectively gastrointestinal parasitism, result in resilient production systems and reduce reliance on anthelmintics. Here, we consider if and how metabolizable protein (MP) supplementation and anti-parasitic plant secondary metabolites (PSM) may modulate parasite epidemiology through intervention in pasture contamination, development of infection on pasture and larval challenge as target processes. We then propose that combining two or more non-chemical parasite control strategies may have additive effects on host resistance, especially if the individual strategies target different drivers of parasite epidemiology, different processes in the parasite life cycle or different phases of acquired immunity to parasites. This epidemiological framework is used to review recent findings on combining maternal MP supplementation and grazing the PSM-rich bioactive forage chicory as an example of combining nutritional treatments to manipulate parasite epidemiology in a temperate production system. In the absence of available data for combined nutritional strategies in tropical production systems, we make predictions on the consequences of combining such strategies in these systems. We conclude that currently published studies on combining nutritional strategies under temperate conditions show potential to improve additively host resilience and reduce reliance on anthelmintics; however, effects on epidemiology have to date not shown the additive results hypothesized. The framework developed may assist further in evaluating combined (nutritional) strategies to manipulate parasite epidemiology.
人们越来越认识到，可能需要结合非化学寄生虫控制策略来更有效地控制胃肠道寄生虫感染，使生产系统具有更强的恢复能力，并减少对抗寄生虫药物的依赖。在这里，我们考虑是否以及如何通过干预牧场污染、牧场感染的发展和幼虫挑战等目标过程，利用可代谢蛋白 (MP) 补充和驱虫植物次生代谢物 (PSM) 来调节寄生虫流行病学。然后，我们提出，将两种或多种非化学寄生虫控制策略结合使用可能会对宿主的抵抗力产生累加效应，特别是如果个别策略针对寄生虫流行病学的不同驱动因素、寄生虫生命周期中的不同过程或获得性寄生虫免疫的不同阶段。我们使用这个流行病学框架来回顾最近关于结合母体 MP 补充和放牧富含 PSM 的生物活性菊苣的研究结果，这是一个通过营养处理来操纵温带生产系统中寄生虫流行病学的例子。由于在热带生产系统中缺乏关于联合营养策略的可用数据，我们对在这些系统中结合这些策略的后果做出了预测。我们的结论是，目前在温带条件下发表的关于结合营养策略的研究显示出了提高宿主抵抗力和减少对抗寄生虫药物依赖的潜力；然而，迄今为止，对流行病学的影响并没有显示出假设的累加结果。所制定的框架可能有助于进一步评估操纵寄生虫流行病学的联合（营养）策略。
