Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012 Apr;402(10):3275-86. doi: 10.1007/s00216-011-5579-x. Epub 2011 Dec 8.
Rice is a staple food yet is a significant dietary source of inorganic arsenic, a class 1, nonthreshold carcinogen. Establishing the location and speciation of arsenic within the edible rice grain is essential for understanding the risk and for developing effective strategies to reduce grain arsenic concentrations. Conversely, selenium is an essential micronutrient and up to 1 billion people worldwide are selenium-deficient. Several studies have suggested that selenium supplementation can reduce the risk of some cancers, generating substantial interest in biofortifying rice. Knowledge of selenium location and speciation is important, because the anti-cancer effects of selenium depend on its speciation. Germanic acid is an arsenite/silicic acid analogue, and location of germanium may help elucidate the mechanisms of arsenite transport into grain. This review summarises recent discoveries in the location and speciation of arsenic, germanium, and selenium in rice grain using state-of-the-art mass spectrometry and synchrotron techniques, and illustrates both the importance of high-sensitivity and high-resolution techniques and the advantages of combining techniques in an integrated quantitative and spatial approach.
大米是主食，但也是无机砷的重要膳食来源，而砷是一类 1 类、无阈值的致癌物。确定可食用大米中砷的位置和形态对于了解风险以及制定有效策略来降低谷物砷浓度至关重要。相反，硒是一种必需的微量元素，全球有多达 10 亿人硒缺乏。几项研究表明，硒补充剂可以降低某些癌症的风险，这引发了人们对生物强化大米的浓厚兴趣。了解硒的位置和形态很重要，因为硒的抗癌作用取决于其形态。锗酸是亚砷酸/硅酸类似物，锗的位置可能有助于阐明亚砷酸盐进入谷物的运输机制。本综述总结了使用最先进的质谱和同步辐射技术在大米中的砷、锗和硒的位置和形态方面的最新发现，并说明了高灵敏度和高分辨率技术的重要性，以及在综合定量和空间方法中结合技术的优势。
