Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat, 5, 40100 Bologna, Italy.
Psychol Res. 2013 Jan;77(1):40-52. doi: 10.1007/s00426-011-0401-0. Epub 2011 Dec 11.
We investigated how the reach-to-grasp movement is influenced by the presence of another person (friend or non-friend), who was either invisible (behind) or located in different positions with respect to an object and to the agent, and by the perspective conveyed by linguistic pronouns ("I", "You"). The interaction between social relationship and relative position influenced the latency of both maximal fingers aperture and velocity peak, showing shorter latencies in the presence of a non-friend than in the presence of a friend. However, whereas the relative position of a non-friend did not affect the kinematics of the movement, the position of a friend mattered: latencies were significantly shorter with friends only in positions allowing them to easily reach for the object. Finally, the investigation of the overall reaching movement time showed an interaction between the speaker and the pronoun: participants reached the object more quickly when the other spoke, particularly if she used the "I" pronoun. This suggests that speaking, and particularly using the "I" pronoun, evokes a potential action. Implications of the results for embodied cognition are discussed.
我们研究了在他人（朋友或非朋友）存在的情况下，伸手抓握的运动如何受到影响，他人要么是看不见的（在后面），要么相对于物体和主体处于不同的位置，以及语言代词（“我”、“你”）所传达的视角。社会关系和相对位置的相互作用影响了最大手指张开度和速度峰值的潜伏期，在有非朋友在场的情况下潜伏期较短，而在有朋友在场的情况下潜伏期较长。然而，尽管非朋友的相对位置不会影响运动的运动学，但朋友的位置很重要：只有当朋友处于可以轻松够到物体的位置时，潜伏期才会显著缩短。最后，对整体伸手运动时间的研究表明，说话者和代词之间存在相互作用：当另一个人说话时，参与者会更快地够到物体，尤其是当她使用“我”这个代词时。这表明说话，特别是使用“我”这个代词，会引发潜在的动作。对具身认知的结果进行了讨论。
