Treatment of malunions and mal-nonunions of the femur and tibia by detailed preoperative planning and the Ilizarov techniques.

Internal fixation has been the mainstay of treatment for post-traumatic deformities. External fixation has been used for correction of deformity in malunions and mal-nonunions. Treatment goals of achieving complete deformity correction with restoration or improvement of function were successful in this very complex group of malunions despite the numerous problems, obstacles, and complications of treatment.