Vicedo Marga
Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, 314 Victoria College, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1K7, Canada.
Br J Hist Sci. 2011 Sep;44(162 Pt 3):401-26. doi: 10.1017/s0007087411000318.
This paper examines the development of British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby's views and their scientific and social reception in the United States during the 1950s. In a 1951 report for the World Health Organization Bowlby contended that the mother is the child's psychic organizer, as observational studies of children worldwide showed that absence of mother love had disastrous consequences for children's emotional health. By the end of the decade Bowlby had moved from observational studies of children in hospitals to animal research in order to support his thesis that mother love is a biological need. I examine the development of Bowlby's views and their scientific and social reception in the United States during the 1950s, a central period in the evolution of his views and in debates about the social implications of his work. I argue that Bowlby's view that mother love was a biological need for children influenced discussions about the desirability of mothers working outside the home during the early Cold War. By claiming that the future of a child's mind is determined by her mother's heart, Bowlby's argument exerted an unusually strong emotional demand on mothers and had powerful implications for the moral valuation of maternal care and love.
本文考察了英国精神病学家兼精神分析学家约翰·鲍尔比的观点发展历程，以及20世纪50年代这些观点在美国的科学和社会接受情况。在1951年为世界卫生组织撰写的一份报告中，鲍尔比认为母亲是孩子的心理组织者，因为对世界各地儿童的观察研究表明，缺乏母爱会对孩子的情感健康产生灾难性后果。到20世纪50年代末，鲍尔比从对医院里儿童的观察研究转向动物研究，以支持他的论点，即母爱是一种生理需求。我考察了20世纪50年代鲍尔比观点的发展历程以及这些观点在美国的科学和社会接受情况，这是他观点演变以及关于其作品社会影响的辩论中的一个关键时期。我认为，鲍尔比关于母爱是孩子生理需求的观点影响了冷战初期关于母亲外出工作是否可取的讨论。通过宣称孩子心灵的未来由母亲的内心决定，鲍尔比的论点对母亲们提出了异常强烈的情感要求，并对母性关怀与爱的道德评价产生了重大影响。
