Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, #A8000, Austin, TX 78712-0187, USA.
Exp Brain Res. 2012 Mar;217(1):125-36. doi: 10.1007/s00221-011-2979-2. Epub 2011 Dec 20.
In the natural world, the brain must handle inherent delays in visual processing. This is a problem particularly during dynamic tasks. A possible solution to visuo-motor delays is prediction of a future state of the environment based on the current state and properties of the environment learned from experience. Prediction is well known to occur in both saccades and pursuit movements and is likely to depend on some kind of internal visual model as the basis for this prediction. However, most evidence comes from controlled laboratory studies using simple paradigms. In this study, we examine eye movements made in the context of demanding natural behavior, while playing squash. We show that prediction is a pervasive component of gaze behavior in this context. We show in addition that these predictive movements are extraordinarily precise and operate continuously in time across multiple trajectories and multiple movements. This suggests that prediction is based on complex dynamic visual models of the way that balls move, accumulated over extensive experience. Since eye, head, arm, and body movements all co-occur, it seems likely that a common internal model of predicted visual state is shared by different effectors to allow flexible coordination patterns. It is generally agreed that internal models are responsible for predicting future sensory state for control of body movements. The present work suggests that model-based prediction is likely to be a pervasive component in natural gaze control as well.
在自然世界中,大脑必须处理视觉处理固有的延迟。这在动态任务中尤其成问题。一种解决视动延迟的方法是基于当前状态和从经验中学习到的环境特性,对环境的未来状态进行预测。在扫视和追踪运动中都存在很好的预测,并且很可能依赖于某种内部视觉模型作为预测的基础。然而,大多数证据来自使用简单范式的受控实验室研究。在这项研究中,我们在打壁球的背景下研究了在自然行为环境中进行的眼球运动。我们表明,在这种情况下,预测是注视行为的一个普遍组成部分。此外,我们还表明,这些预测性运动非常精确,并且在多个轨迹和多个运动中连续进行。这表明预测是基于球运动方式的复杂动态视觉模型,这些模型是通过广泛的经验积累起来的。由于眼睛、头部、手臂和身体的运动同时发生,因此不同效应器之间很可能共享一个共同的预测视觉状态的内部模型,以允许灵活的协调模式。人们普遍认为,内部模型负责预测身体运动的未来感觉状态。目前的工作表明,基于模型的预测很可能是自然注视控制中的一个普遍组成部分。
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