Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
Trends Neurosci. 2012 Feb;35(2):123-34. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.11.006. Epub 2011 Dec 21.
Glial cells and neurons are engaged in a continuous and highly regulated bidirectional dialog. A remarkable example is the control of myelination. Oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells (SCs) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) wrap their plasma membranes around axons to organize myelinated nerve fibers that allow rapid saltatory conduction. The functionality of this system is critical, as revealed by numerous neurological diseases that result from deregulation of the system, including multiple sclerosis and peripheral neuropathies. In this review we focus on PNS myelination and present a conceptual framework that integrates crucial signaling mechanisms with basic SC biology. We will highlight signaling hubs and overarching molecular mechanisms, including genetic, epigenetic, and post-translational controls, which together regulate the interplay between SCs and axons, extracellular signals, and the transcriptional network.
胶质细胞和神经元之间存在持续而高度调节的双向对话。髓鞘形成的调控就是一个显著的例子。中枢神经系统（CNS）中的少突胶质细胞和周围神经系统（PNS）中的施万细胞将它们的质膜包裹在轴突周围，形成有髓神经纤维，从而实现快速跳跃式传导。这个系统的功能非常关键，因为许多神经系统疾病都是由于该系统的失调引起的，包括多发性硬化症和周围神经病变。在这篇综述中，我们重点关注 PNS 的髓鞘形成，并提出了一个概念框架，将关键的信号机制与基本的施万细胞生物学整合在一起。我们将强调信号枢纽和总体分子机制，包括遗传、表观遗传和翻译后调控，这些机制共同调节施万细胞和轴突、细胞外信号以及转录网络之间的相互作用。
