Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Am J Manag Care. 2011 Dec;17 Suppl 15:S396-402.
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rising in the United States, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasingly recognized to occur at elevated rates in patients with CKD compared with the general population. The impact of CVD in patients with CKD is significant, inversely related to the level of kidney function, and exaggerated when compared with matched patients without CKD. CKD is associated with an increased risk of CVD, CVD events, and death, but the prevalence of traditional CVD risk factors is also increased compared with the general population. Proteinuria, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes are common in patients with CKD and contribute directly to CVD events. CKD-related factors (eg, disorders of electrolyte and mineral metabolism, anemia, and vascular calcification) also contribute to mortality associated with CKD.
在美国，慢性肾脏病（CKD）的患病率正在上升，人们越来越认识到，与普通人群相比，CKD 患者的心血管疾病（CVD）发病率更高。CKD 患者的 CVD 影响重大，与肾功能水平呈反比，与匹配的无 CKD 患者相比则被夸大。CKD 与 CVD、CVD 事件和死亡风险增加相关，但与普通人群相比，传统 CVD 风险因素的患病率也有所增加。蛋白尿、高血压、血脂异常和糖尿病在 CKD 患者中很常见，直接导致 CVD 事件。CKD 相关因素（如电解质和矿物质代谢紊乱、贫血和血管钙化）也与 CKD 相关的死亡率有关。
