Engineering Psychology Program, School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 654 Cherry St., Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, USA.
Hum Factors. 2011 Dec;53(6):672-86. doi: 10.1177/0018720811421909.
This study examined how individuals, younger and older, interacted with an imperfect automated system. The impact of workload on performance and automation use was also investigated.
Automation is used in situations characterized by varying levels of workload. As automated systems spread to domains such as transportation and the home, a diverse population of users will interact with automation. Research is needed to understand how different segments of the population use automation.
Workload was systematically manipulated to create three levels (low, moderate, high) in a dual-task scenario in which participants interacted with a 70% reliable automated aid. Two experiments were conducted to assess automation use for younger and older adults.
Both younger and older adults relied on the automation more than they complied with it. Among younger adults, high workload led to poorer performance and higher compliance, even when that compliance was detrimental. Older adults' performance was negatively affected by workload, but their compliance and reliance were unaffected.
Younger and older adults were both able to use and double-check an imperfect automated system. Workload affected how younger adults complied with automation, particularly with regard to detecting automation false alarms. Older adults tended to comply and rely at fairly high rates overall, and this did not change with increased workload.
Training programs for imperfect automated systems should vary workload and provide feedback about error types, and strategies for identifying errors. The ability to identify automation errors varies across individuals, thereby necessitating training.
本研究考察了年轻人和老年人如何与不完美的自动化系统交互。还研究了工作负荷对性能和自动化使用的影响。
自动化用于工作负荷水平不同的情况。随着自动化系统扩展到交通和家庭等领域，不同的用户群体将与自动化进行交互。需要研究了解不同人群如何使用自动化。
在一项双任务场景中，系统地操纵工作负荷以创建三个级别（低、中、高），参与者与 70%可靠的自动化辅助工具进行交互。进行了两项实验来评估年轻人和老年人对自动化的使用。
年轻人和老年人都比遵守自动化规则更依赖自动化。在年轻人中，高工作负荷导致表现更差和更高的合规性，即使这种合规性是有害的。老年人的表现受到工作负荷的负面影响，但他们的合规性和依赖性不受影响。
年轻人和老年人都能够使用和双重检查不完美的自动化系统。工作负荷影响年轻人对自动化的遵守程度，特别是在检测自动化误报方面。老年人总体上倾向于遵守和依赖较高的比率，并且这不会随着工作负荷的增加而改变。
不完美自动化系统的培训计划应根据工作负荷进行调整，并提供有关错误类型的反馈，以及识别错误的策略。识别自动化错误的能力因人而异，因此需要培训。
