Sanchez Julian, Rogers Wendy A, Fisk Arthur D, Rovira Ericka
Medtronic, 976 Hardwood Avenue, Shoreview, MN 55126, USA.
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Theor Issues Ergon Sci. 2014 Mar;15(2):134-160. doi: 10.1080/1463922X.2011.611269.
An obstacle detection task supported by "imperfect" automation was used with the goal of understanding the effects of automation error types and age on automation reliance. Sixty younger and sixty older adults interacted with a multi-task simulation of an agricultural vehicle (i.e. a virtual harvesting combine). The simulator included an obstacle detection task and a fully manual tracking task. A micro-level analysis provided insight into the way reliance patterns change over time. The results indicated that there are distinct patterns of reliance that develop as a function of error type. A prevalence of automation false alarms led participants to under-rely on the automation during alarm states while over relying on it during non-alarms states. Conversely, a prevalence of automation misses led participants to over-rely on automated alarms and under-rely on the automation during non-alarm states. Older adults adjusted their behavior according to the characteristics of the automation similarly to younger adults, although it took them longer to do so. The results of this study suggest the relationship between automation reliability and reliance depends on the prevalence of specific errors and on the state of the system. Understanding the effects of automation detection criterion settings on human-automation interaction can help designers of automated systems make predictions about human behavior and system performance as a function of the characteristics of the automation.
为了解自动化错误类型和年龄对自动化依赖的影响，使用了由“不完美”自动化支持的障碍物检测任务。60名年轻人和60名老年人与一辆农用车辆的多任务模拟（即虚拟收割联合收割机）进行交互。模拟器包括一个障碍物检测任务和一个完全手动跟踪任务。微观层面的分析深入了解了依赖模式随时间的变化方式。结果表明，存在根据错误类型而发展的不同依赖模式。自动化误报的普遍存在导致参与者在警报状态下对自动化依赖不足，而在非警报状态下过度依赖。相反，自动化漏报的普遍存在导致参与者在非警报状态下过度依赖自动警报，而对自动化依赖不足。老年人与年轻人一样，根据自动化的特点调整自己的行为，尽管他们这样做花费的时间更长。这项研究的结果表明，自动化可靠性与依赖之间的关系取决于特定错误的普遍程度和系统状态。了解自动化检测标准设置对人机自动化交互的影响，可以帮助自动化系统设计师根据自动化的特点预测人类行为和系统性能。
