Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2012 Jul;63(1):114-24. doi: 10.1007/s00244-011-9748-x. Epub 2012 Jan 12.
Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are two common antimicrobial agents found in many personal care products and subsequently are detected ubiquitously in wastewater effluent and receiving waters. Both compounds are of recent regulatory interest due to their omnipresence in the environment, including in humans. Although TCS and TCC have been suggested to be endocrine active, little information exists about their effects on organismal end points in development (growth, escape performance), anatomy (morphological indices, histology), physiology (vitellogenin), and behavior of exposed aquatic organisms. In this study, newly hatched fathead minnows were exposed for 12 days, and mature male and female fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed for 21 days to environmentally realistic concentrations (nanograms per liter) of these two compounds singularly and in mixtures. At the end of the exposure, larvae were assessed for growth and predator-avoidance performance, and a subset of mature fish was assessed for plasma vitellogenin induction, expression of secondary sexual characteristics, relative size of liver and gonads, and histopathological changes to both organs. The remaining exposed mature fish were placed in breeding pairs of one male and one female minnow from the same treatment to assess their ability to defend a nest site and reproduce. Exposure to either antimicrobial compound, alone or as a mixture, caused no changes to larval fish, gonad size, or vitellogenin concentrations in mature fathead minnows. In contrast, decreased aggression was seen in adult male fathead minnows exposed to TCC (1.6 μg/l) or a mixture (560 ng/l TCS + 179 ng/l TCC and 1.6 μg/l TCS + 450 ng/l TCC). Decreased aggression would likely decrease their ability to defend and hold a nest site needed for spawning and reproduction. Substantial variability was found in the severity of observed effects within treatments, suggesting that environmentally realistic concentrations of these compounds may only affect particularly sensitive individuals.
三氯生（TCS）和三氯卡班（TCC）是两种常见的抗菌剂，存在于许多个人护理产品中，因此在废水和受纳水中普遍存在。由于这两种化合物在环境中无处不在，包括在人类体内，因此它们最近受到监管关注。尽管 TCS 和 TCC 被认为具有内分泌活性，但关于它们对发育中的生物机体终点（生长、逃避性能）、解剖结构（形态指数、组织学）、生理学（卵黄蛋白原）和暴露于水生生物的行为的影响的信息很少。在这项研究中，新孵化的黑头呆鱼（fathead minnow）暴露 12 天，成熟的雄性和雌性黑头呆鱼（Pimephales promelas）暴露 21 天，暴露于这两种化合物的环境现实浓度（纳克/升），单独和混合物。暴露结束时，评估幼虫的生长和捕食者回避性能，并且一部分成熟鱼类评估血浆卵黄蛋白原诱导、第二性特征表达、肝脏和性腺的相对大小以及这两个器官的组织病理学变化。其余暴露的成熟鱼类被放置在来自同一处理的一对一雄一雌的繁殖对中，以评估它们保卫巢区和繁殖的能力。单独或作为混合物暴露于任何一种抗菌化合物都不会改变幼鱼的生长、性腺大小或成熟黑头呆鱼的卵黄蛋白原浓度。相比之下，在暴露于 TCC（1.6μg/l）或混合物（560ng/l TCS+179ng/l TCC 和 1.6μg/l TCS+450ng/l TCC）的雄性成年黑头呆鱼中观察到攻击性降低。攻击性降低可能会降低它们保卫和维持产卵和繁殖所需巢区的能力。在处理中观察到的影响的严重程度存在很大的差异，这表明这些化合物的环境现实浓度可能仅影响特别敏感的个体。
