Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Saint Cloud State University, WSB-273, 270 Fourth Avenue South, St. Cloud, MN 56301, USA.
Aquat Toxicol. 2011 Oct;105(3-4):559-68. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.08.011. Epub 2011 Aug 26.
The presence of endocrine active compounds such as estrogens in treated wastewater effluent and their effects on aquatic life are causing concern among aquatic resource managers. In contrast to 17β-estradiol (E2), the steroid hormone produced by all vertebrates, the biological effects of estrone (E1), one of its breakdown products are less understood, even though the aquatic concentrations of E1 are often higher than those of E2. The central hypothesis of this study was that at environmental concentrations, E1 has estrogenic effects in fish, with increased vitellogenin concentrations and decreased reproductive success in both male and female fathead minnows, as found with E2. In two replicate experiments, we exposed mature fathead minnows to three concentrations of each estrogen for 21 days in a flow-through exposure system and measured a broad suite of anatomical (body indices, histopathology), physiological (plasma vitellogenin), behavioral (nest defense), and reproductive (fecundity, fertility, hatching) endpoints. These endpoints have previously been associated with adverse effects of estrogenic exposures. While body length and weight parameters were unaltered by exposure, secondary sex characteristics exhibited an exposure concentrated-related decline in male fathead minnows. Interestingly, low concentrations of estrone (≈ 15 ng/L) enhanced the aggressiveness of male fathead minnows in a behavioral assay. Vitellogenin concentrations in male fish increased with higher concentrations of both estrogens, but remained unchanged in all female treatments. A decrease in fecundity was observed at high concentrations of E2 as compared with control minnows. These results suggest that E1, at concentrations previously found in waters receiving wastewater effluent, can have reproductive effects on fish.
处理后的废水废水中存在的内分泌活性化合物（如雌激素）及其对水生生物的影响，引起了水生资源管理者的关注。与所有脊椎动物产生的甾体激素 17β-雌二醇（E2）不同，其分解产物之一雌酮（E1）的生物学效应了解较少，尽管 E1 的水生浓度通常高于 E2。本研究的中心假设是，在环境浓度下，E1 对鱼类具有雌激素作用，导致虹鳟鱼的卵黄蛋白原浓度增加，雄性和雌性虹鳟鱼的繁殖成功率降低，与 E2 一样。在两个重复实验中，我们在流动式暴露系统中使成熟的虹鳟鱼暴露于三种浓度的每种雌激素 21 天，并测量了广泛的解剖学（身体指数，组织病理学），生理学（血浆卵黄蛋白原），行为（巢防御）和生殖（繁殖力，育性，孵化）终点。这些终点先前与雌激素暴露的不良影响有关。尽管暴露不会改变体长和体重参数，但次要性特征显示出雄性虹鳟鱼的集中相关下降。有趣的是，低浓度的雌酮（≈15ng/L）在行为测定中增强了雄性虹鳟鱼的攻击性。随着两种雌激素浓度的增加，雄鱼的卵黄蛋白原浓度增加，但所有雌鱼处理均保持不变。与对照小鱼相比，E2 的高浓度会导致繁殖力下降。这些结果表明，在先前在接受废水的水域中发现的浓度下，E1 可能对鱼类具有生殖作用。
