Lee Yong-Eun Koo, Kopelman Raoul
Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Methods Enzymol. 2012;504:419-70. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-391857-4.00021-5.
Live cell studies are of fundamental importance to the life sciences and their medical applications. Nanoparticle (NP)-based sensor platforms have many advantages as sensors for intracellular measurements, due to their flexible engineerability, noninvasive nature (due to their nano-size and nontoxic matrix), and, for some of the NPs, intrinsic optical properties. NP-based fluorescent sensors for intracellular measurements, so called PEBBLE sensors, have been developed for many important intracellular analytes and functions, including ions, small molecules, reactive oxygen species, physical properties, and enzyme activities, which are involved in many chemical, biochemical, and physical processes taking place inside the cell. PEBBLE sensors can be used with a standard microscope for simultaneous optical imaging of cellular structures and sensing of composition and function, just like investigations performed with molecular probes. However, PEBBLE sensors of any design and matrix can be delivered into cells by several standard methods, unlike dye molecules that need to be cell permeable. Furthermore, new sensing possibilities are enabled by PEBBLE nanosensors, which are not possible with molecular probes. This review summarizes a variety of designs of the PEBBLE sensors, their characteristics, and their applications to cells.
活细胞研究对于生命科学及其医学应用至关重要。基于纳米颗粒（NP）的传感器平台作为细胞内测量的传感器具有许多优势，这归因于其灵活的可工程性、非侵入性（因其纳米尺寸和无毒基质），并且对于某些纳米颗粒而言，还具有内在光学特性。用于细胞内测量的基于NP的荧光传感器，即所谓的PEBBLE传感器，已针对许多重要的细胞内分析物和功能开发出来，包括离子、小分子、活性氧、物理性质和酶活性，这些都参与了细胞内发生的许多化学、生物化学和物理过程。PEBBLE传感器可与标准显微镜一起使用，用于细胞结构的同步光学成像以及成分和功能的传感，就像使用分子探针进行的研究一样。然而，与需要具有细胞渗透性的染料分子不同，任何设计和基质的PEBBLE传感器都可以通过几种标准方法递送至细胞中。此外，PEBBLE纳米传感器带来了新的传感可能性，这是分子探针无法实现的。本综述总结了PEBBLE传感器的各种设计、其特性及其在细胞中的应用。
