Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 3000, Helsingør, Denmark.
Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
Mikrochim Acta. 2019 Jan 24;186(2):126. doi: 10.1007/s00604-018-3202-y.
Most aquatic systems rely on a multitude of biogeochemical processes that are coupled with each other in a complex and dynamic manner. To understand such processes, minimally invasive analytical tools are required that allow continuous, real-time measurements of individual reactions in these complex systems. Optical chemical sensors can be used in the form of fiber-optic sensors, planar sensors, or as micro- and nanoparticles (MPs and NPs). All have their specific merits, but only the latter allow for visualization and quantification of chemical gradients over 3D structures. This review (with 147 references) summarizes recent developments mainly in the field of optical NP sensors relevant for chemical imaging in aquatic science. The review encompasses methods for signal read-out and imaging, preparation of NPs and MPs, and an overview of relevant MP/NP-based sensors. Additionally, examples of MP/NP-based sensors in aquatic systems such as corals, plant tissue, biofilms, sediments and water-sediment interfaces, marine snow and in 3D bioprinting are given. We also address current challenges and future perspectives of NP-based sensing in aquatic systems in a concluding section. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
大多数水生系统依赖于多种生物地球化学过程，这些过程以复杂和动态的方式相互耦合。为了理解这些过程，需要使用微创分析工具，这些工具允许在这些复杂系统中对单个反应进行连续的实时测量。光学化学传感器可以采用光纤传感器、平面传感器的形式，也可以作为微纳米粒子（MP 和 NPs）。它们各有其优点，但只有后者允许对 3D 结构上的化学梯度进行可视化和量化。本综述（引用了 147 篇参考文献）总结了光学 NP 传感器在水生科学中化学成像方面的最新进展。综述涵盖了信号读出和成像方法、NP 和 MPs 的制备，以及基于 MPs/NPs 的传感器概述。此外，还给出了基于 MPs/NPs 的传感器在珊瑚、植物组织、生物膜、沉积物和水-沉积物界面、海洋雪以及 3D 生物打印等水生系统中的应用实例。在最后一节中，我们还讨论了基于 NP 的水生系统传感的当前挑战和未来展望。
