Cicero Theodore J, Kurtz Steven P, Surratt Hilary L, Ibanez Gladys E, Ellis Matthew S, Levi-Minzi Maria A, Inciardi James A
J Drug Issues. 2011 Spring;41(2):283-304. doi: 10.1177/002204261104100207.
Numerous national surveys and surveillance programs have shown a substantial rise in the abuse of prescription opioids over the past 15 years. Accessibility of these drugs to non-patients is the result of their unlawful channeling from legal sources to the illicit marketplace (diversion). Empirical data on diversion remain absent from the literature. This paper examines abusers' sources of diverted drugs from two large studies: 1) a national sample of opioid treatment clients (N=1983), and 2) a South Florida study targeting diverse populations of opioid abusers (N=782). The most common sources of diverted medications were dealers, sharing/trading, legitimate medical practice (e.g., unknowing medical providers), illegitimate medical practice (e.g., pill mills), and theft, in that order. Sources varied by users' age, gender, ethnicity, risk-aversiveness, primary opioid of abuse, injection drug use, physical health, drug dependence, and either access to health insurance or relative financial wealth. Implications for prescription drug control policy are discussed.
众多全国性调查和监测项目显示，在过去15年里，处方阿片类药物的滥用现象大幅增加。这些药物流入非患者手中是其从合法渠道非法流入非法市场（转移）的结果。文献中仍缺乏关于药物转移的实证数据。本文通过两项大型研究考察了滥用者获得转移药物的来源：1）全国阿片类药物治疗患者样本（N = 1983），以及2）一项针对南佛罗里达州不同阿片类药物滥用人群的研究（N = 782）。转移药物最常见的来源依次为经销商、共享/交易、合法医疗行为（如不知情的医疗服务提供者）、非法医疗行为（如药丸加工厂）和盗窃。来源因使用者的年龄、性别、种族、风险规避程度、滥用的主要阿片类药物、注射吸毒、身体健康状况、药物依赖程度以及是否享有医疗保险或相对经济财富而有所不同。本文还讨论了对处方药控制政策的影响。
